Thai Grammar List

An overview of Thai classifiers used in counting and identifying constructions. Choose the classifier and word order that fit the noun and construction.

An overview of the five lexical tones in Standard Thai and how they distinguish word meanings.

Read the displayed tone contrasts using consonant class, syllable ending, vowel length, and tone marks.

Compare the endings of the six displayed syllables and their live or dead classification.

Thai letters have no uppercase and lowercase distinction. Spaces help organize phrases and sentences, and punctuation marks also occur in Thai text.

Thai nouns do not take an English-style plural ending, and Thai has no article system matching a, an, and the. Context and other words help identify the intended noun.

An introduction to how Thai pronoun choices can express politeness, closeness, and social relationships.

An overview of sentence-final words that help express politeness, questions, encouragement, and conversational focus.

Thai distinguishes short and long vowels, and this length contrast can change a word’s meaning.

Compare continuous text, clause spacing, a personal name, and a list in the displayed examples.

Read Thai digits ๐–๙ and use them in the numbers shown here.

Identify consonants, vowel signs, and tone marks in the displayed words before applying their full reading rules.

Read the four written tone marks through the six displayed words.

Identify mid, high, and low consonant classes as one part of reading a Thai syllable’s tone.

Introduce a topic or frame first, then say something about it. The topic and the grammatical subject of the following statement are not always the same.

Compare unchanged กิน and ไป with subjects, time expressions and complete marker constructions in the displayed examples.

Learn how Thai connects verbs without a conjunction in the go-and-buy, fall-and-break, and pick-up-and-read examples. Read the relationship between the verbs.

Learn how Thai vowel spellings use signs before, after, above, below, or around a syllable’s initial consonant.

Learn about five Thai vowel signs written before the onset consonant or consonant cluster of their syllable.

Read the repeated unit and compare the meanings of the displayed ๆ expressions.

Read descriptions after the noun in these Thai phrases and simple predicates.

Learn how the property words in these Thai examples form predicates without a separate word for 'is'.

Build the subject + verb + object pattern shown in these Thai sentences.

Count the displayed nouns with the Noun + Number + Classifier pattern.

Read family terms used for self-reference, address, or reference to another person in the complete examples.

Leave a subject or object unspoken when the listener can identify it from the conversation or situation.

Identify a particular person, animal, or thing with the displayed noun + classifier + นี้ phrases.

Read instructions and requests in the displayed verb constructions.

In the examples here, the possessor follows the noun without the marker ของ.

Ask about the subject, object, place or time by reading the role of the question word in each Thai example.

Read counts of people, rooms, countries, days and problems in the five examples.

Read the time phrases placed before the subjects in the four displayed sentences.

Use a name to refer to the speaker or listener when the relationship and setting make that choice appropriate.

Use 'go' and 'come' after another verb for direction, and recognize context-dependent time meanings.

A formal request marker meaning 'please,' placed before an action in signs, announcements, and other requests.

Learn how to use กับ to express accompaniment ('with') and to join nouns ('and') in everyday Thai.

Read กำลัง before the activity described in the four displayed sentences.

Use the paired markers กำลัง ... อยู่ to present an action as ongoing at the reference time.

Ask 'How many?' with กี่ and a classifier or counting unit in the displayed Thai questions.

Learn how this particle connects a result, an added statement, or a reply to its context.

Use ขวด to count bottled water and identify bottles of beer or fish sauce in the displayed phrases.

Use this request pattern to ask for an item or permission, with wording suited to the situation.

Learn to show ownership with ของ and a shorter noun-plus-possessor phrase.

Learn how to use 'khâang-khâang' to describe objects or people located beside one another.

Use คน (khon) in the displayed phrases for counting, identifying, and introducing people.

Read ครับ in the five displayed greetings, questions, and replies.

The Thai equivalent of 'should' or 'ought to', used for advice and suggestions.

The high-tone polite particle used in feminine speech for questions, calling attention, and the polite combinations shown here.

Use คัน (khan) in the displayed phrases for cars, an umbrella, and individual spoons.

A Thai linking word used in the displayed identification questions, identity statements, and definition.

Use 'khun' as a polite word for 'you', as a courtesy title before a name, and with the family terms shown here.

A polite particle conventionally associated with female speech, used in statements, replies, and greetings.

A marker before a predicate for future events, intentions, or predictions. Its reading depends on the whole construction and context.

Read จาก with the origin, source, time range, selection, or distance reference in the displayed clauses.

A casual first-person pronoun ('I' or 'me'). Women and men can use it in suitable relationships; its social effect depends on context.

Read ชอบ expressing a preference or a selected tendency in the displayed sentences.

Use ช่วย before an action and หน่อย after its phrase in the requests shown here.

Read ดิฉัน as first-person self-reference in the complete examples.

Read ด้วย as 'too/also', as a marker of the tool used, and in the requests and together-phrase shown here.

Read ตอน with a morning, an age, a clock time, and the selected when-clause.

Read ตัว with dogs, a shirt, tables, and a cat in the displayed phrases.

Read ต้อง in the displayed requirements, instruction, and strong inference.

Use ต้องการ for 'want' or 'need', with an object or an action. This lesson includes business and service contexts.

Read ถึง in its whole construction: arrival, an endpoint, consequence, degree or contrast.

Ask for a reason with ทำไม, compare initial and final positions, and read the displayed question with the linker ถึง.

Use this marker to introduce a relative clause describing a noun or noun phrase, often translated as 'who', 'which', or 'that'.

Learn how to use 'ที่' (thîi) to indicate locations like 'at home' or 'in the city'.

Ask about a place with ที่ไหน, using the word order of the complete question.

Read นะ in the displayed departure, reminder, request, observation, and repetition question.

Learn how to use นิดหน่อย to express 'a little bit' in Thai sentences.

Identify what is being pointed out with the complete forms in these five examples.

Use นี้, นั้น, and โน้น in the displayed noun phrases to indicate a person, thing, group, or time.

Learn how to use 'บน' to describe objects located on surfaces and avoid common mistakes with time expressions.

Read ผม as I or me in the displayed introduction, understanding, coffee, and help examples, while distinguishing the noun meaning hair.

A group marker used before pronouns to make a group reference explicit, as in 'we', 'you all', or 'they'.

Distinguish pronoun, oily-food, and enjoyable-activity readings in six displayed clauses.

A common spoken particle for asking a yes/no question.

Use มาก for 'very' or 'a lot' in the quality and action patterns shown.

Read having, family relationships, time, feelings, and existence in the displayed มี sentences.

Use the spoken question word for 'how' to ask about a method, condition, or opinion in context.

Use ยังไม่ for an action or state that has not occurred or does not hold up to the relevant time.

Read ลูก in the displayed phrases for oranges, mountains, a storm, and a watermelon.

Read วันนี้, พรุ่งนี้, and เมื่อวาน as time expressions for today, tomorrow, and yesterday in the displayed Thai sentences.

Learn how to use หน้า and หลัง to describe physical locations (front/behind) and time (next/after).

Use หรือ to present alternatives or ask for confirmation, with the meaning shaped by the sentence and context.

Learn how 'หรือเปล่า' asks 'or not?' in a yes/no question and appears in an embedded 'whether' question.

Read อยาก expressing a wish to act and อยากได้ naming a desired object in the displayed examples.

Learn how to use the particle อยู่ after a verb to express ongoing actions and continuous states.

Use อยู่ for being, living or staying at a place, and distinguish it from อยู่ after an action or state.

Learn how to use 'อย่า' to give negative commands and tell others what not to do in Thai.

Read อะไร in complete questions and indefinite expressions such as something or anything.

Read อัน in the displayed counting, pointing, and describing constructions.

Read อาจจะ as might or may in the displayed possibilities about being busy, rain, going and price.

Use เขา to refer to another person or people. In a shared context it can also refer to the speaker.

Use เคย before a predicate to talk about a previous experience or a past habit or state. Interpret the time period and English rendering from context.

The primary Thai question word for 'how much,' used for prices, age, and measurements.

A Thai linking verb used here for roles, nationality, categories, and the displayed health expression.

Expresses having the learned skill or know-how to perform an action.

Use เพราะ to introduce a stated reason, with 'because' before a clause and 'because of' before a noun or pronoun.

Ask 'When?' with เมื่อไหร่, distinguish general time questions from clock-time questions, and compare placement before or after the predicate.

Read เรา as we, I, or you in the complete examples and their stated contexts.

Read เล่ม in the four displayed book, knife, notebook, and scissors examples.

Read แก้ว as the glass unit in the displayed water, coffee, beer, and orange-juice phrases.

Use แต่ for contrast and restriction, and read its meaning in complete time expressions.

Learn how to use 'และ' to join nouns, qualities, and complete clauses.

Use the marker 'laew' to express completion or a changed situation, with the time and intended reading supplied by context.

Use ใคร to ask about a person. The complete construction can also express meanings such as 'someone', 'anyone', or 'no one'.

Read ใช่ไหม as right? in the displayed questions seeking confirmation.

Learn how to use ใต้ (tâi) to indicate physical location 'under' and the direction 'South'.

The preposition 'in' used for location within a space or area and for events within a time period.

Practise ใบ with the bags, tickets, plate, pillows, and eggs shown here. Learn the classifier with the noun rather than choosing it from shape alone.

Learn how to use ได้ after a verb to express general ability, possibility, or permission.

A marker before a verb for getting to do something or presenting an event as realized, with the time and opportunity reading supplied by context.

Use the basic verbs for 'go' and 'come' by identifying the viewpoint and direction of movement in the complete situation.

Use ไม่ to negate the actions and qualities in the displayed sentences. Compare complete negative constructions and their scope.

Use ไม่ต้อง to express no need to do an action, decline an offer, or give reassurance in context.

Read ไม่มี expressing no possession or existence in the displayed clauses.

Read ไม่เคย in the displayed statements about eating, travel, seeing, and wanting.

Read ไม่ใช่ denying an identity or identification and denying the displayed premise.

Use ไหม to ask the displayed yes-no questions and read their complete context.

Expresses whether you have enough strength, endurance, or resources to manage a task or situation.

A pattern used to express that a quality or state is increasing or intensifying over time (e.g., 'getting better').

ลง after an adjective can describe a downward change, as in getting worse, thinner, quieter, or cooler.

Practice large numbers with หมื่น (10,000), แสน (100,000), and ล้าน (1,000,000).

Form Thai numbers from 11 to 99 using สิบ for ten, ยี่สิบ for twenty, and เอ็ด for a final one in this range.

Read numerical dates, month names, and a shortened year in the displayed Thai examples.

A contextual shortcut in orders: the noun and number can stand without an explicit classifier when the intended item and unit are understood.

Describe a colour with the pattern Noun + colour word + colour name, as in the complete phrases shown here.

Combine a motion verb, a path and a come/go viewpoint to describe the movement in the examples here.

Tell the time with markers for different parts of the day, including Ti, Mong, and Thum.

Use “khûen” for upward movement, the appearance of thoughts or events, and qualities getting “more” compared with before.

Read ถูก and ผิด with the displayed guessing, remembering, answering, hitting, and rule-following phrases.

Use post-verbal มา to connect an action or state with a later reference point, including duration leading up to now.

Read ลง in the displayed phrases for sitting or putting something down, becoming cooler, recording information, and being unable to bring oneself to act.

Use หมด to describe all of a relevant amount or group, or a supply with none left.

Compare ออก in movement, figuring something out, flowering, and the displayed emphatic statement.

Learn how เข้า expresses inward movement, attending activities, matching, encouragement, and increasing intensity in different constructions.

Learn how to express 'finding' or 'encountering' something as the result of an action using the resultative verb เจอ.

Learn how to use 'sèt' to express the completion of tasks and actions in Thai.

Read ไป in the complete direction, forgetting, and continuation examples.

Read ไม่ between the first verb and the following result expression in the five displayed examples.

Use กว่า to compare qualities, how an action is performed, or amounts, as in better, faster, or more than.

A post-verbal particle indicating reciprocal ('each other') or collective ('together') actions.

Learn how to use 'kam-lang jà' to express that an action is imminent or just about to occur.

Link a reason to its result with 'so' or 'and so.'

Learn to use ก่อน for 'before', 'ago', 'previous', and 'first' to sequence events in Thai.

Read ครั้ง in the displayed occurrence counts and references to particular occasions.

Use ครึ่ง for half of a unit, whole units plus half, and thirty minutes past a clock hour.

Learn how to use 'khlaai' to describe similarities and resemblances in Thai.

Read คู่ when counting pairs of shoes, socks, chopsticks, and a couple in the displayed examples.

Two sentence endings that can express friendly familiarity.

Count or point to pieces of cake, bread, work, and broken glass in the displayed examples.

Learn how to use ชื่อ (chûue) to introduce yourself and ask others for their names using the 'to be named' verb pattern.

Use ซึ่ง to introduce a clause that describes a noun or refers back to an event, with English translations such as 'which', 'who', or 'that'.

Use ดวง to count stars, lamps, stamps, and the other nouns shown in these examples.

Read ดังนั้น introducing a result or conclusion from what came before.

The Thai adverb for 'together', used to describe group activities and inclusive invitations.

Read ตอนที่ linking a complete event or situation to its reference time.

Use ตั้งแต่ to mark a starting time or the beginning of a range.

Compare a stated difference using ต่างจาก and the complete reference phrase.

Read ต้น in the displayed tree, pole, rose-plant, and lemongrass counting expressions.

Read bags, packets, and cartons in the five displayed food and drink examples.

Use ถูก (thùuk) to focus on the person or thing affected by an action, with or without naming who did it.

Read the displayed if-conditions about rain, hunger, a car and available time.

Learn how to build conditional sentences using the 'If... then...' structure in Thai.

Use ทั้งหมด for all of a relevant set, and compare the displayed number and time constructions.

Read ทำให้ connecting the stated cause with happiness, traffic, health or waking in the displayed examples.

Learn how to use the classifier ที่ to order food portions and reserve seats in Thai.

Read ที่ before a number in the displayed ordinal, lesson, date, book, and floor expressions.

Use ที่สุด for 'the most' or '-est' within the comparison or preference supplied by the context.

Express that a location is open to choice: anywhere is fine for the stated action.

Use ทุก for 'every' or 'each' in time expressions and noun–classifier phrases.

Learn how to use 'nói' to express small quantities for both countable and uncountable nouns.

Learn how to use 'บาง' to specify 'some' or 'certain' items within a group.

Read บ้าง in the displayed questions, partial-ability statement and repeated hot–cold pattern.

A formal relative pronoun used in official and written Thai to mean 'the person who' or 'those who.'

Read sufficiency and passable taste in the four displayed พอ clauses.

Connect an event with what follows promptly using พอ ... ก็, meaning as soon as or once.

Learn how to use 'yang' to express that an action or state is still happening or remains unchanged.

Use this word for a location between things, a choice between options, or an event during a period of time.

Use the particle 'ล่ะ' to return a question, focus on a topic, or add emphasis to a reminder.

Read สิ in the displayed prompts, suggested response, and agreement expression.

Read หน่อย in the displayed requests and small-degree or time contexts.

Use หลัง to count or identify the houses, bed and cupboard shown in these examples.

Place one event after another with 'after,' using a noun phrase or a clause.

Use 'lǎai' to say 'several' or 'many' without naming an exact number, with a classifier or counting unit in the patterns shown here.

Compare รูป for the monk examples, องค์ for the illustrated sacred objects, and พระองค์ in the royal-person example.

Use อยากให้ to express a desired action, state, or event involving the person or thing named after it.

Present a situation as already established, or emphasize the speaker's certainty about it.

Use 'more' or 'again' to interpret additional quantity or a repeated action; a time phrase can describe when something will happen.

Read อีกครั้ง requesting or describing another occurrence of the displayed action.

An emphatic way to say 'again' that highlights a repeated event, often used to express surprise, annoyance, or even affection.

Learn how to use เกินไป to express excess or that something is 'too much' in Thai.

Use เคย ... ไหม to ask whether someone has had an experience before, as in Have you ever...?

A classifier for machines and devices such as phones, computers, and washing machines.

Read เท่ากับ in an equation and in the displayed price, height, profit, and asserted-equivalence examples.

Read เท่าไหร่ก็ได้ as accepting an amount, price, duration or degree in these examples.

Introduce a result or conclusion from a reason already given.

Read เพิ่ง in the complete arrival, eating, instruction, meeting, and seeing examples.

Read เมื่อ in the displayed yesterday expression and complete clauses about a time arriving, a door opening, and a meeting beginning.

The casual Thai word for 'a lot' or 'many,' used with nouns and verbs in daily speech.

Read เลย after the displayed action phrases for right-away or go-ahead readings.

A high-frequency adverb used before a verb to indicate a logical consequence or result.

Use 'loei' to emphasize a negative statement, and distinguish that use from commands, positive emphasis, and consequence clauses.

Use เหมือน to compare appearance, actions, or other qualities; read the surrounding sentence to understand what is alike.

An expression for similarity or an additional shared action or state, including 'the same', 'likewise', and 'me too'.

Read confirmation questions about truth, departure, food, hunger and completion.

Use เอง for doing something oneself, identifying a person, or saying “only” a quantity.

Read เอา in choices, offers, and taking or bringing something.

Read เอา with ไป or มา to understand taking something away or bringing it toward the reference point in context.

แล้วก็ can link one action with the next or add another item or statement.

Read โดน in the displayed sentences about being fired, scolded, or affected by an action.

Read โดย naming an agent or method in the displayed complete phrases.

Describe an event as near or a process as nearly complete with this expression.

Learn how to use ให้ (hâi) to express doing something for someone else.

Learn the multiple functions of ให้ (hâi), including giving, doing things for others, and causative actions.

A versatile pattern used to express 'make,' 'let,' or 'have' someone perform an action, where the nuance is often derived from social context.

Learn how เป็น highlights learned know-how, ได้ expresses general ability or possibility, and ไหว highlights strength or endurance when saying 'can' in Thai.

Read ได้ยิน for hearing and ได้กลิ่น for smelling an odor in complete sentences.

Read ได้รับ with the scholarship, selection, approval, invitation, appointment, and injury examples.

Learn how to read ไม่ค่อย as 'not very' or 'not often' in its complete context.

Read the selected comparisons of heat, difficulty, speed, spice degree, and affection.

Compare repeated descriptions, manner expressions, and the displayed ดี ๆ / ดี๊ดี contrast in their complete contexts.

Learn how to chain multiple verbs together to express complex actions like 'sit and eat' or 'go buy' without using conjunctions.

Read the repeated A-A-B-B forms and their meanings in the complete displayed examples.

Read the complete children, friends, vegetables, young-women, and senior-address examples with ๆ.

Read the displayed expressions for going out, living comfortably, crying, losing sleep and a range of food.

Read ต่อ marking continuation in the displayed complete activity phrases.

The displayed instructions use ให้ to connect an action with a desired quality or result.

Use ไม่ได้ after the verb phrase to express inability or lack of permission in these examples.

Use กันเถอะ after an action phrase to suggest doing something together.

Read การ with a complete action phrase to name that activity as a noun.

Read ก็ได้ as accepting an option in the displayed going, food, choice and time examples.

Learn complete ขี้ words describing traits or tendencies, including ขี้อาย, “shy,” and ขี้ลืม, “forgetful.”

Presents an action or state as probable ('probably', 'likely').

A common way to form agentive nouns (like 'driver' or 'seller') by placing 'khon' (person) before a verb.

Learn how to transform adjectives and abstract concepts into nouns using the prefix 'khwaam'.

Use คิดว่า to introduce what someone thinks, believes, or estimates.

A functional word marking results ('so... that') or boundaries in time and space ('until').

A marker for until or up to the point that, drawing attention to an endpoint or result.

Read ช่าง in the complete tradesperson, tendency, and exclamation examples.

Compare something as better, or present an action as the preferred choice with ดีกว่า.

Use ดีไหม to ask whether a proposed action sounds good.

Use ดูเหมือน to present an impression or estimate about a situation.

Compare ตัวเอง in self-reference, own-phrases, and a familiar address to the listener.

Use ตั้ง to show that an amount feels surprisingly large to you.

Expresses "various" or "different kinds of" by following a noun to emphasize a diverse mix of items.

Read ถามว่า linking an act of asking to the question that follows.

Read ถึงแม้ว่า connecting a situation with a contrasting statement in four complete examples.

Use ถือว่า to present something as regarded, accepted, or counted a certain way.

Learn how to use ทันที to express immediate actions and prompt responses in Thai.

Compare ทั้งวัน, ทั้งสองคน, ทั้งเล่ม, and the displayed both-and and even-though constructions.

Read ทั้ง ... และ linking two qualities, foods, abilities or preferences in the displayed sentences.

Read ทั้ง ๆ ที่ meaning even though in the wealth, knowledge, holiday, and exam examples.

Read ที่จะ in complete phrases about an opportunity, readiness, a decision, and a person who will come.

Use นอกจาก for the additions, exceptions, and condition shown in these examples.

Learn complete person words such as นักเรียน (student), นักร้อง (singer), and นักเขียน (writer).

Learn how to use the prefix 'น่า' to describe things as 'worth doing,' 'inviting,' or 'appetizing.'

Read น่าจะ in the displayed expectations, advice, and a context-dependent reflection.

Read บอกว่า as telling followed by reported content in these complete sentences.

A directive construction used to report indirect commands or instructions.

Learn how to use 'บางครั้ง' to describe things that happen sometimes, and where to place it in a sentence.

Learn how to use ปกติ to describe habits, routines, and normal states in Thai.

The standard Thai word for 'approximately' or 'about' when dealing with quantities, time, or distance.

Learn complete person expressions such as ผู้จัดการ (manager), ผู้สมัคร (applicant), and ผู้ป่วย (patient).

Use พา in taking or bringing constructions, including taking people somewhere or to do an activity.

Read coming followed by another action in the displayed visits, requests and invitation.

Read exclusion, a stated rain condition and fee exemption in the displayed ยกเว้น examples.

Read how two degrees go together in the displayed ยิ่ง ... ยิ่ง sentences.

Use ราวกับ to make a comparison; the surrounding sentence shows whether it is figurative, imagined, or a description of resemblance.

Use รู้ว่า to link knowing to its content in the displayed statements and opening-time question.

Read ว่า in the displayed speech and hearing reports, naming and meaning questions, and criticism examples.

Compare สัก in the displayed time and drink requests, negative amount, estimated duration, unspecified food, and bus-arrival question.

Use สำหรับ for an intended person, use, or group; read สำหรับผม as for me in the displayed sentence.

Learn how to use ส่วนใหญ่ to express 'mostly' or 'the majority' when describing groups of people, things, or habits.

Learn how to use หมายถึง to define terms, explain symbols, and clarify references in Thai.

Read หรอก in the displayed statements that reject or correct an assumption.

Use อย่าง with a descriptive word or phrase to show how an action happens.

Read อย่างน้อย as at least in the displayed quantities and situations.

Compare expressions of possibility, probability, expectation, and suggestions through complete examples.

Read อื่น ๆ meaning other people or things, and และอื่น ๆ meaning and so on in the displayed list.

Learn how to use 'เกือบ' to express 'almost' or 'nearly' in Thai sentences.

เช่น introduces examples, with meanings such as such as or for example.

Compare เถอะ in complete invitations, urging expressions, and concessive clauses.

Learn how to use เท่าที่ to express 'as far as' or 'to the extent that' in Thai.

Learn how to use เท่านั้น to express 'only' or 'just' by placing it at the end of phrases.

Use เป็นต้น after examples to mean for example or and so on.

Read the displayed only, not-only, extent, and except-that phrases in their complete sentences.

A preposition and conjunction used to mark the goal, intention, or purpose of an action.

The full form of 'in order to', used before a verb phrase to explain the goal of an action.

The standard Thai pattern for naming things, equivalent to 'is called' or 'referred to as' in English.

Compare เสมอ in the displayed habits and promises, and distinguish frequency from duration.

Learn how to use แค่ to express 'only' or 'just' in Thai to limit quantities and downplay actions.

Read แทน when someone acts in another person’s place or one choice replaces another in the displayed examples.

Use แทนที่จะ to contrast an action with the alternative in the complete examples.

Read แทบจะไม่ in statements about hardly speaking, few people, disbelief, and little time to sleep.

A core Thai word used to describe styles, models, and the specific manner in which things are designed or performed.

Learn how to use แม้แต่ to emphasize extreme cases, similar to 'even' or 'not even' in English.

Use โดยเฉพาะ to mean 'especially' or to highlight a specific purpose, as in 'specifically for you'.

Read ในขณะที่ as while or whereas in the displayed simultaneous and contrasting situations.

Learn how to use ให้ to express purpose and desired results in Thai sentences.

Read ไป before the action in the displayed eating, shopping, doctor, and door-opening examples.

Learn how to use 'ไม่ว่า ... ก็' to express 'no matter what' or 'regardless of' in Thai.

ไม่ได้ before a predicate can deny an event or correct an assumption; read the time and context.

Compare ไม่ and ไม่ได้ with the time expressions and complete contexts in the displayed examples.

Invite a listener to try the displayed action, such as tasting, asking, wearing, or listening.

Read ทิ้ง after actions involving disposal, removal, or waste in the displayed sentences.

Describe how long the working, studying, living, waiting, or raining situation has continued in the examples here.

Read เล่น in the complete joking, strolling, snacking, phone-use, and casual-thinking examples.

Use ให้หมด after an action to set a goal of total coverage or completion.

Expresses strong resolve, determination, or a command to achieve a successful result.

A colloquial pattern used to express 'go right ahead,' 'just do it,' or to emphasize a decisive action taken without hesitation.

Read the completed-action construction with ไปแล้ว in these full sentences; the result need not be irreversible.

Read ไว้ with the complete buying, door, hair, meeting, booking, and preparation examples.

Read กลับ in complete examples contrasting a response, an arrival, a forgotten object, and a claimed medicine result with an expectation.

Connects reaching an event with what has happened or is required before that point; these examples emphasize time or effort.

Read ก็แล้วกัน in the displayed proposals for a time, meal, plan, price, and item.

Read ขนาด in five complete benchmark and degree examples.

A versatile pattern for expressing blessings ('May you...') and reporting indirect requests.

Use จนได้ for after-all outcomes in these examples, and read its meaning from the full context.

Use จำเป็นต้อง before an action to say that the action is necessary.

Read ซะ in commands, a suggestion, and a statement about being late. The surrounding words help establish the speaker’s stance.

Use ซะที to express that something has finally happened or to urge someone to act already.

Use ซึ่งกันและกัน to express a reciprocal relation between participants.

Use ดังกล่าว to refer back to the document, suspect, study, or companies already mentioned in these examples.

Use ต่อ (tòo) to express rates, ratios, and scores.

A distributive marker meaning 'each' or 'all individually' used with plural subjects.

Use ถึงขนาด to show the extent of a situation, as in being so rich that someone has a plane.

Read ถ้า introducing a condition and คง presenting its result as likely in these examples.

Read ถ้าหาก meaning if in the four complete examples.

Use ทั้งนี้ to connect a statement with a detail, condition, or explanation about it.

Learn how to use ทีละ to express 'one at a time', 'step by step', or 'in increments' for sequential actions.

Read ทีเดียว in the displayed emphatic, single-occasion and in-one-go constructions.

Read the displayed ที่ clauses as what or the one that, without a separate noun before ที่.

Introduce what is being discussed with a ที่ clause, then identify it with คือ in the displayed examples.

Use ทุกครั้งที่ to describe what happens each time a stated event occurs.

Use นอกจากนี้ to add information to what was just said.

An emphasizing marker used to highlight a specific noun or pronoun ('exactly that one'), or to express realization and logical closure ('so that's why!').

Read a topic followed by นั้น and a comment, and distinguish that use from pointing to that person or thing.

Use นี่แหละ to emphasize the very item, person or situation being identified.

A conversational particle used to highlight the topic of a sentence, functioning like 'As for...' or 'Regarding...'

Learn how to use บังคับให้ to express compulsion, mandatory requirements, and forcing someone to act.

Use ปล่อยให้ to let someone do something or let a situation continue in the displayed examples.

Read the stated sufficiency for buying a house, finishing tasks, doing a job, and traveling abroad.

Expresses habits, tendencies, or things that 'usually' happen using the pre-verbal modifier มักจะ.

Use ยอมให้ to express consenting to or allowing another person's action.

Read ยังไงก็ introducing a statement that the speaker presents as holding anyway or regardless of the situation.

Use ย่อม to present an outcome or general statement as following naturally in these examples.

Use ลอง + Verb + ดู to suggest or describe trying an action and seeing how it goes.

Say that every member of a group shares a feature, or that something is purely one thing.

Introduce a scenario to consider with สมมติว่า, then ask about its consequences or the next action.

Learn how ส่วน introduces or contrasts a topic in these complete examples.

Use หวังว่า to introduce the hoped-for outcome in these complete statements.

Read the conditions and requests in the four complete หาก examples.

Use ห้าม to state a prohibition or to say that someone forbids an action.

Use the displayed อด + action + ไม่ได้ pattern to say that someone cannot help doing something.

Use อย่างไรก็ตาม to introduce a contrasting or qualifying point: “however” or “at any rate.”

Use อะไรก็ได้ to leave the choice open among the options under discussion.

Read the displayed additions about a car, exercise, a storm, and personal qualities.

Use เกรงว่า to introduce a concern, as in I am afraid that or I am concerned that.

เป็นเวลา introduces a duration in the study and residence examples, and regular timing in the meal and bedtime examples.

Read เผื่อ in the displayed precaution, beneficiary and time-allowance contexts.

Read เมื่อไหร่ก็ตามที่ in the displayed choices of time and recurring situations.

Read เสียก่อน as first or beforehand in the displayed instructions and statement.

Links a degree or amount to the result described in the sentence.

Compare the displayed descriptions of repeated behavior, the self-centeredness instruction, and the noodle selection.

Read แต่อย่างใด with the complete denial, negative condition, or question shown in the examples.

Use แหละ to emphasize an identification, agreement, or statement in context.

Learn how to use 'ใครก็ตาม' to say 'whoever' or 'anyone at all' in Thai sentences.

Learn how to use ในที่สุด to express 'finally' or 'at last' in Thai narratives and daily conversation.

Use the conversational connector ไม่งั้น for “otherwise” or “or else”: it introduces the alternative if the preceding condition does not hold.

Read ไม่จำเป็นต้อง in the displayed no-need statements and the not-necessarily comparison.

Read ไม่ยอม describing unwillingness or failure to cooperate in these complete examples.

Compare pronouns, eating words, and particles in the displayed social contexts.

Compare consonant clusters and other initial spellings in ครู, จริง, ทราบ, แทรกเตอร์, and กล้วย.

Compare silent leading ห and อ with the two-syllable leading-consonant words shown here.

Royal Thai uses special words and forms chosen for the person being addressed or described.

An explanation of the differences between colloquial Thai and formal written Thai, focusing on functional word pairs.

Read กระนั้น for a contrasting “even so” link or a “like that” meaning in its complete construction.

A respectful first-person pronoun, conventionally associated with male speakers.

Use กล่าวคือ to introduce a clarification or restatement of a point just mentioned.

Use การที่ to treat the situation described by a clause as a unit in the four displayed sentences.

กู refers to the speaker; มึง addresses the listener. Their social force depends on the relationship and setting.

Use ข้าพเจ้า for formal self-reference, and read the speaker’s purpose in the full statement.

Read ความที่ and ด้วยความที่ presenting a fact or circumstance as the reason for an outcome in these examples.

Use จนกว่า for 'until' when presenting an endpoint to be reached. The examples focus on instructions and future plans.

Read จึง linking a preceding event with a consequence or following step.

Read ฉบับ in the displayed letters, newspapers, contract, dictionary edition, and movie version.

Read ณ as at or on in the displayed location and date phrases.

Use ดังนี้ for “as follows” or “in this way,” as in an introduction to details or a demonstration.

Read ด้วยความ in the displayed pleasure, determination, caution, confidence, fear, and respect phrases.

Read ตราบใดที่ linking the following statement to a period or situation in which a condition holds.

Use ตลอดจน to add an included item or extend the stated scope, as well as or including.

Read ต่อ with the stated target, affected entity, receiving court, or rate in the complete examples.

Compare the displayed royal constructions with ทรง and the prescribed forms without it.

Read ทว่า linking contrasting points in the complete sentences.

A formal expression meaning in total, all, or whatsoever. It emphasizes the complete amount or set, and can strengthen a negative statement.

A formal honorific pronoun used in respectful address or reference, including for officials, monks, elders, or members of an audience.

A verb for inviting Buddhist monks, including the invitation and welcome contexts shown here.

Read ประการ in the displayed reasons, qualifications, list and agreement examples.

Read พระ in established royal or religious words and titles, and as a noun for a monk or Buddha image.

A formal negative word meaning 'not', seen here in phrases about ability, identity, intention, and what should happen.

มิฉะนั้น means otherwise or if not so; read the consequence in the complete statement.

Read มิได้ in these formal negative statements, fixed phrases and a prohibition.

Read ยัง introducing the destination or target in the displayed travel, greeting, and gaze examples.

Read the included measures, training, and languages in three complete รวมทั้ง examples.

Use ราย to count separately considered people, cases, or instances in the displayed statements.

Read หนู as self-reference, address, or a name-related reference in its full context.

Read the negative frames หา ... ไม่ and หาได้ ... ไม่, and the separate conjunction หาไม่แล้ว.

Read หากแต่ linking a statement with a contrasting alternative in the displayed sentences.

Read อนึ่ง introducing an additional statement in the displayed notice, minutes, and regulation examples.

Study the silent leading อ in the four displayed อย spellings and their low tones.

Use อย่างไรก็ดี to introduce a contrast or qualification, as in the written examples here.

Link the displayed outcome nouns to a stated cause with อันเนื่องมาจาก.

A first-person pronoun used by Buddhist monks and novices when speaking to laypeople. Its use reflects the speaker’s monastic role and the setting.

Read อาทิ and เป็นอาทิ with a named category and the examples given for it.

Learn how to use เกี่ยวกับ to discuss topics, themes, and subject matter in Thai.

Read เธอ as the selected addressee or third-person referent in five complete examples.

Use เนื่องจาก to introduce the stated reason in these complete sentences.

An intensifier used in formal expressions of apology, thanks, hope and importance.

Read เพื่อให้ connecting a displayed action with its intended outcome.

Read เสด็จ as royal motion vocabulary in complete expressions.

An informal pronoun whose meaning and tone depend on closeness, social roles, and context.

Read แก่ marking the recipient of a prize, assistance, advice, or information in complete sentences.

Use แห่ง to count places or locations, as in the university and branch examples.

Read โดยที่ linking the main statement with a circumstance, including the negative circumstances translated as without.

A conditional marker meaning 'in the event that' or 'in the case that'.

Compare the contrasting conditions and return relationship stated in the displayed sentences.

Read ในแง่ของ as in terms of an aspect in the complete examples.

A formal construction for receiving an action, including treatment, support, approval or punishment.

Use ได้แก่ to introduce the items or person being named by the preceding phrase.

Advanced academic hedging phrases used to soften claims and express probability in formal writing.

Read the displayed shortened forms, their expansions, dots, and spaces.

Thai spelling groups pronounced final consonants into eight traditional classes. Learn their sounds to recognize live and dead syllables and apply tone rules.

Common formulas for concluding Thai official letters and making a clear request. Other professional letters may follow different conventions.

Compare complete Isan expressions and their supplied meanings without assuming one rule fits every local variety.

Compare documented Northern Thai sound patterns with the local forms in the examples.

Recognize historical Khmer word-building patterns in fixed Thai vocabulary, and distinguish them from similar spellings with other origins.

Learn boundary changes in established Pali and Sanskrit compounds. These words occur in both everyday vocabulary and formal Thai.

Read established English loans and mixed English words or phrases in Thai utterances; their grammar, pronunciation, and purpose can vary.

Learn how the displayed headlines shorten a report while keeping its key event and participants.

Study displayed Pali/Sanskrit compounds, their complete spellings, and particular readings.

Compare particular Khlong and Kap examples, their specified positions, counts, and sound patterns.

Read the displayed Thai sayings giving advice, expressing a belief, and describing a task through an image.

Learn the figurative meanings of the four complete expressions in these examples.

Compare established royal verbs with the complete expressions using ทรง in these four examples.

Words that imitate sounds and add sensory detail to an action.

Recognize Southern Thai words in four written examples, while keeping differences between local varieties in mind.

Kham Phuan (คำผวน) is Thai wordplay that swaps the rime, including the vowel and any final consonant, of two selected syllables. The examples here illustrate outputs in which tones move with the rimes, remain in place, or are adjusted.

Compare particular Central, Isan, Northern, and Southern expressions and the regional words shown in the lesson.

Recognize the small circle in ำ and ึ, and distinguish standalone ํ from the point below a consonant.

Read the silent letters in the school spellings สัตว์, จันทร์, ภาพยนตร์, and กอล์ฟ.

Read ◌็ in the short-vowel spellings เป็น, เด็ก, เย็น, and แข็ง.

Recognize the written tone marks in เค้ก, โน้ต, เชิ้ต, แก๊ส and แฟชั่น.

Read ข้า as I and เจ้า as you in these complete sentences, with attention to the speaker and setting.

Recognize ฃ and ฅ, distinguish a title’s chosen spelling from ordinary ขวด and คน, and keep historical sound claims separate.

Read ฉะนั้น in the displayed result, manner, and exhortation clauses.

A formal marker used in legal contexts to introduce the direct object of a verb.

Learn the standard /s/ reading of initial ทร in words such as ทราบ, ทราย, ไทร, and ทรง; other words have different readings.

Recognize บ่ as a negative form in literary wording and regional Thai contexts.

Recognize พ.ศ. before a Buddhist Era year and compare the modern dates shown here.

Read พระองค์ as the respectful classifier in these examples about kings and Buddhas.

Read พึง before the action in the displayed examples, with meanings such as “ought to” or “must” supplied by context.

Read มิให้ in formal prohibitions and phrases stating what an action aims to prevent.

Read the รร spelling in the complete words for scissors, karma, heaven, a truck, and a ruler.

Read the special Thai spellings ฤ and ฤๅ, and recognize the uncommon historical forms ฦ and ฦๅ.

Read อาจกล่าวได้ว่า introducing the proposition presented in the displayed examples.

Recognize ฯ in shortened names and set expressions, including กรุงเทพฯ and โปรดเกล้าฯ.

Learn how to use the Thai 'etc.' symbol (ฯลฯ) correctly in lists and text omissions.

Read แห่ง linking the nouns in the displayed institutional names and abstract phrases.

Recognize the opening mark ๏ and keep it distinct from the Thai digit zero, ๐.