Japanese Grammar List

A foundational overview of the two types of Japanese adjectives (i and na) and how they function as describing words.

The foundational logic of Japanese sentences: Topic + Information + Verb.

The foundational phonetic script of Japanese, used for particles, verb conjugations, and native vocabulary.

An introductory overview of how Kanji represent meanings and the difference between On'yomi and Kun'yomi readings.

The 'angular' Japanese script used for foreign loanwords, sound effects, and stylistic emphasis.

An overview of the Japanese politeness system, including polite, respectful, and humble speech registers.

An overview of how Japanese verbs function, focusing on tense, politeness, and the lack of subject-verb agreement.

An overview of Japanese sentence structure, focusing on the 'verb-at-the-end' rule and how particles allow for flexible word order.

Learn how to describe where things are using positional nouns like 上（うえ）, 下（した）, and 中（なか） combined with the particle の.

The method of describing a noun by placing verbs, adjectives, or other nouns directly before it.

The classification system for Japanese verbs that dictates how they conjugate into various tenses and politeness levels.

A guide to the nuances and social risks of using Japanese second-person pronouns.

The fundamental verb for existence and possession of inanimate objects (things, plants, ideas).

Learn how to use and conjugate い-adjectives to describe things in the present and past.

Essential question words for asking about quantity, age, and price.

The standard interrogative word for 'when' in Japanese, used for both specific and general time inquiries.

The verb 'to exist' or 'to be' specifically for people and animals.

A sentence-ending particle that transforms statements into questions and indicates uncertainty.

Learn how to conjugate い-adjectives into the past tense (was/were) by changing the final い to かった.

A versatile particle used to indicate a starting point ('from'), a source, the sequence 'after doing' (with the te-form), or a subjective reason ('because').

A fundamental particle used to link a reason to a result, emphasizing the speaker's personal perspective or intent.

The primary particle used to mark the subject of a sentence, emphasize a specific noun, or indicate the object of feelings and abilities.

The fundamental verbs for expressing existence ('there is') and possession ('to have'), distinguished by whether the subject is animate or inanimate.

A formal particle meaning 'but' or 'however,' also used to politely introduce a topic or request.

The standard polite way to make requests for items or actions in Japanese.

Learn how to negate い-adjectives by changing the final 〜い to 〜くない (e.g., 'not cold', 'not expensive').

Japanese demonstratives for 'here', 'there', and 'over there' based on the distance from the speaker and listener.

Demonstrative adjectives used to specify a noun based on its distance from the speaker and listener.

The foundational pronouns for 'this,' 'that,' and 'that over there' used to point at objects.

A formal conjunction used at the start of a sentence to express contrast ('however').

Learn how to say something is 'not' a certain quality using な-adjectives in casual, polite, and formal Japanese.

A particle used after numbers or counters to mean 'each,' 'apiece,' or 'at a time,' indicating equal distribution or steady progress.

A conjunction used at the start of a sentence to mean 'and', 'and also', or 'and then'.

A versatile connector used to describe a sequence of events ('and then') or to add items to a list ('and also').

The plain/casual form of 'to be' (is/am/are) used with nouns and na-adjectives.

A casual conjunction meaning 'so' or 'therefore' used to start a sentence that explains a result or conclusion.

Explains how to conjugate な-adjectives into the past tense using だった and でした.

A general counter used for inanimate objects, abstract ideas, and the age of young children (1-9).

The standard polite request form used to ask someone to perform an action.

A versatile particle used to indicate where an action happens, the tools or means used, reasons for a situation, materials, or the total scope of a group or quantity.

The polite 'to be' verb used with nouns and adjectives to state facts or descriptions.

A sentence-initial conjunction used to express contrast or contradiction in spoken Japanese.

The particle 'と' is used to list nouns (A and B), indicate doing something with someone, or mark a quote/thought.

A fundamental pattern used to express thoughts, beliefs, and opinions, often used to soften the tone of a statement.

A foundational pattern for reporting speech ('says that') and naming entities ('called X').

Learn how to ask 'how' and make polite suggestions using どう and its formal counterpart いかが.

The interrogative pronoun for 'where' used to ask about locations or specific parts of something.

Learn how to distinguish between 「どれ」, 「どの」, and 「どちら」 when asking 'which' in Japanese.

Used to ask for a description or the category of a noun (e.g., 'What kind of person?').

Learn how to use な-adjectives to describe nouns and states in Japanese.

A polite negative request used to ask someone to refrain from an action, formed by adding 'de kudasai' to the negative short form of a verb.

Learn how to ask 'why' using the formal なぜ and the conversational どうして, and understand the nuances between objective facts and subjective feelings.

A fundamental verb meaning 'to become' or 'to get,' used to describe changes in state for nouns and adjectives.

The 'target' particle used for specific times, destinations, and locations of existence.

The 'agreement' particle used to say 'right?' or 'isn't it?' and to soften speech.

Learn how to use the particles ね and よね to seek agreement, confirm facts, and sound more natural in Japanese conversation.

A fundamental particle used to connect nouns, indicate possession, replace nouns, or transform verbs into nouns.

A common pattern used to express that someone is skilled or unskilled at doing a particular activity.

A pattern used to describe hobbies or activities you enjoy by turning a verb into a noun phrase.

The fundamental particle used to mark the topic or theme of a sentence, pronounced as 'wa'.

The 'Double Subject' construction used to describe attributes, parts, or feelings related to a topic.

Indicates the direction of movement (pronounced 'e').

The polite past affirmative conjugation for all Japanese verbs.

The polite 'Let's' form used for suggestions and expressing firm intentions.

A polite verb ending used to offer help or suggest a joint action.

The standard polite verb ending used for present and future actions in respectful social situations.

The polite negative verb ending used to express 'do not' or 'will not' in formal situations.

A polite invitation or suggestion pattern used to ask 'Would you like to...?' or 'Won't you...?'

The standard polite way to say 'did not' for verbs in Japanese.

A fundamental word meaning 'again' for repeating actions, 'also/moreover' when adding information, or 'another' when modifying nouns.

A common pattern used to say that something hasn't happened yet, implying it is expected to occur in the future.

Indicates the terminal point of time, space, or degree, translated as 'until,' 'to,' or 'even.'

A particle meaning 'also', 'too', or 'either' (in negative sentences).

A pattern used to list multiple nouns that share a common characteristic, translating to 'both... and...' or 'neither... nor...'

A fundamental pattern used to express that an action is finished or a state has been reached.

A particle for listing nouns as examples, implying 'and others' or 'and so on.'

The assertive particle よ is used to share new information, give warnings, or emphasize a point the listener may not be aware of.

The standard particle for 'than' used to compare two things or actions.

The primary particle used to mark the direct object of a sentence, as well as paths of movement and points of departure.

The 'explanatory desu' used to give reasons, provide background context, or ask for clarification in a natural, connected way.

The standard counter for a duration of months (e.g., 'for three months').

Learn how to count people using the counter 人, including the important irregular forms for one, two, and four people.

The basic interrogative for 'what', changing pronunciation based on context.

A counter primarily used for small, three-dimensional objects and as a fallback for items that use the <grammar expression="つ (counter)" level="1" id="ueR0A1Jgdy4gPdqsZipp">〜つ</grammar> system when counting beyond ten.

The counter used for Japanese currency (yen), attached to Sino-Japanese numbers.

Standard counter for books and bound volumes (e.g., magazines, notebooks).

The most common counter for small and medium-sized animals, including pets, fish, and insects.

The standard counter for machines, vehicles, and large furniture.

The primary counter for frequency and repetitions (e.g., 'three times').

Expressing likes and dislikes using the な-adjectives 好き（すき） and 嫌い（きらい） with the particle が.

Learn how to use the third-person pronouns 彼 (he) and 彼女 (she), and understand their romantic double-meanings.

Covers the essential counters for dates and time periods (days, weeks, months, and years) and their irregular readings.

Learn how to count hours, minutes, and seconds in Japanese, including the irregular pronunciations for 4, 7, and 9 o'clock.

The counter for measuring duration in hours (e.g., 'for three hours').

The essential counter for long, cylindrical, or elongated objects.

The counter for cups, glasses, bowls, and spoonfuls. Essential for ordering drinks and food.

The essential counter for flat, thin items such as paper, plates, and shirts.

The counter for age (years old) for living beings.

Used for numbering items in a sequence, rankings, and turns.

The primary Japanese first-person pronouns used to refer to oneself, which change dynamically based on gender, social hierarchy, and regional dialect.

The standard Japanese word for 'who', used to ask about people's identities.

The standard counter for measuring a duration of weeks (e.g., 'for two weeks').

Learn how to count and name building floors using 階 (かい), including important pronunciation changes for numbers like 1, 3, and 6.

A grammar pattern used to describe intentionally changing the state or quality of an object (e.g., 'to make clean', 'to make loud').

A structure used to express 'Whether A or B' when presenting alternatives or embedding choices into sentences.

Expresses an indefinite, usually small quantity (some, a few, several) by combining a question word, a counter, and the particle 'ka'.

A way to integrate a question into a sentence using '~か' (for question words) or '~かどうか' (for yes/no questions).

A particle used after numbers and counters to emphasize that a quantity is surprisingly large, translated as 'as many as' or 'no less than.'

A grammar structure that combines a case particle with the possessive 'no' to provide specific details about how two nouns relate to each other.

A structure used to embed 'WH-questions' (who, what, where, etc.) into a sentence as a noun clause.

A system of verb pairs where one describes an action performed on an object and the other describes a state, change, or action occurring to a subject.

The standard verb for 'to give' (outward direction). Used when giving to others, but never when receiving.

Used with negative verbs, adjectives, or nouns to mean 'not very', 'not much', or 'not many'.

A frequency marker meaning 'at intervals of' or 'every (with a gap).'

A grammar structure used to embed 'whether or not' questions into a sentence.

A grammar pattern used to express that something 'might' be the case or 'perhaps' will happen.

A suffix attached to adjectives or the 'want to' form to describe someone else's observable emotions or desires.

A formal expression meaning 'can be seen' or 'is observable,' often used to report trends, phenomena, or specific opportunities to view something.

Used to indicate 'about' or 'approximately' for quantities, or to describe the 'degree' of a state.

Used when someone gives something to you or your in-group, emphasizing the giver's kindness.

Learn how to use けど and けれども to express contrast and soften your speech in Japanese.

A formal way to express 'can' or 'be able to' by combining a dictionary form verb with ことができる.

A pattern used to express a personal rule, policy, or intentional habit that the speaker has decided for themselves.

Expresses that a rule, custom, or schedule has been established and is currently in effect ('it has been decided that...', 'is supposed to...').

Expresses 'every' or 'at intervals of' for time, distance, or recurring events.

A standard polite expression used to ask for permission to perform an action. It translates to 'Please let me...' or 'Allow me to...'

A particle used to list reasons or qualities, often translated as 'and,' 'moreover,' or 'what's more.'

A restrictive 'only' used with negative verbs to show insufficiency or exclusivity.

Expresses excess or 'too much' when attached to verbs or adjectives.

A formal adverbial pattern meaning 'without doing,' used to describe the manner of a following action.

An emphatic way to say something 'doesn't look like' it will happen or 'shows no signs' of occurring.

A formal or standard way to report information from a source, meaning 'I heard that' or 'It is said that'.

Expresses a conjecture or impression based on immediate visual evidence ('looks like', 'seems').

A conjunction used to express that something happens or persists despite a previously mentioned situation.

A common spoken conjunction meaning 'moreover' or 'besides,' used to add supporting information that reinforces a previous point.

A subjective auxiliary used to express the speaker's desire to perform an action ('I want to...') or to ask the listener what they want to do.

A suffix added to verb stems to express that a third person (he, she, they, or an animal) appears to want to perform an action based on their behavior.

A fundamental pattern used to describe past experiences or things one has done at least once in their life.

Used to emphasize that an action was just completed and the result is still 'fresh' or 'new'.

The most common Japanese conditional used for 'if' and 'when'. It requires the first action to be completed before the second starts and is the only conditional that naturally allows requests or commands in the result.

A common expression for making suggestions or giving advice, literally meaning 'How would it be if you did...?'

A pattern used to list representative examples of actions or states ('do things like A and B').

The plain past form (perfective aspect) used for completed actions in casual speech and subordinate clauses.

The standard particle for 'only' or 'just,' used to set neutral limits on nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

A fundamental additive pattern used to say 'not only A, but also B' across all parts of speech.

The casual form of <grammar expression="でしょう/だろう (confirmation)" level="2" id="RZanoK8sy0iN62nWnbTe">でしょう</grammar>, used to express probability, predictions, or to seek confirmation in a plain style.

A casual, emphatic topic marker used in spoken Japanese to say 'As for...' or 'Speaking of...'

A highly common casual particle used for quoting, hearsay ('I heard...'), and introducing topics in spoken Japanese.

A pattern used to express personal intentions, plans, or the subjective belief that one has performed an action.

A pattern used to describe actions that are difficult, uncomfortable, or awkward to perform from the speaker's personal perspective.

A benefactive auxiliary verb used to indicate that an action is performed as a favor for someone else.

Describes a state resulting from an intentional action, often implying preparation.

Indicates an action or change that moves away from the speaker's current position or continues from the present into the future.

A formal, humble request pattern used to ask favors from superiors or in professional settings.

A fundamental aspect marker used to describe ongoing actions, resulting states, or habitual behaviors.

A versatile pattern used for preparation, leaving things in a certain state, or taking preliminary steps for a future benefit.

A sequential marker meaning 'after doing' or 'ever since,' emphasizing that the first action is completed before the next begins.

A grammar pattern used to show actions coming toward the speaker, changes developing up to the present, or the beginning of a sensation.

A grammar pattern used to describe an action someone else does for your benefit, usually implying gratitude.

A versatile auxiliary verb used to express the total completion of an action or a sense of regret/accident.

Used to express prohibition ('must not' or 'is not allowed to') based on rules or authority.

A pattern used to express the speaker's desire for another person to do something, or for a certain situation to happen.

A common pattern used to describe trying an action for the first time or as an experiment to see the outcome.

Used to express permission ('may do') or to indicate that a certain state or action is acceptable ('it's okay if').

A grammar pattern used to express that you 'had someone do' something for you or 'received the favor' of an action.

A standard polite request pattern used to ask for favors from peers or strangers.

The 'connective' form of verbs and adjectives used to link ideas, show sequence, or describe the manner of an action.

The fundamental way to connect verbs, adjectives, and nouns to form complex sentences.

Used to seek confirmation or agreement, functioning like a tag question (e.g., '...right?').

A pattern used to identify the materials or ingredients that compose an object, distinguishing between physical and chemical transformations.

A corrective pattern used to say 'Not A, but B' when clarifying information or correcting a mistake.

A particle used to suggest an option as an example ('or something'), making invitations and advice sound softer and more polite.

A Level 2 pattern used to express hopes and wishes ('I hope that...').

Used to identify a noun by name ('called...') or to define the content of a noun ('the fact that...').

A pattern used to define terms ('X means...') or provide reasons ('The reason is...').

A grammar pattern meaning 'exactly as' or 'in accordance with,' used for following instructions, plans, or models.

A versatile conversational particle for listing examples, softening suggestions, or reporting rumors.

A grammar pattern used to indicate that a new event occurs at a specific moment or during a particular state, often acting as an interruption or a timely coincidence.

A grammar pattern meaning 'the moment that' or 'as soon as,' used for sudden and unexpected events occurring immediately after a specific action.

Learn how to use とても and すごく to say 'very' or 'really' in Japanese, and understand the difference between neutral and conversational intensity.

A foundational expression meaning 'the same as', used to compare nouns or nominalized actions.

A conversational pattern used to introduce a topic triggered by a previous comment or situation, meaning 'Speaking of...'

A formal way to report general reputations, rumors, or widely held beliefs.

A conditional pattern used for natural consequences, mechanical operations, and inevitable results where 'A' always leads to 'B'.

A verb pattern meaning 'without doing' or 'instead of doing' Verb A while performing Verb B.

A pattern meaning 'so as not to' or 'in order not to,' used to describe actions taken to prevent a negative result.

The casual negative form of verbs, used to express 'do not' or 'will not' in informal settings.

The casual past negative form for verbs, adjectives, and nouns, meaning 'did not' or 'was not'.

A pattern used to express that one person is performing two actions simultaneously, with the second action being the main focus.

The negative 'te-form' used for reasons (because not...) and connecting negative states (not A, but B).

A common expression meaning 'don't have to' or 'no need to,' used to indicate a lack of obligation.

A formal expression for 'must' or 'have to,' often used for rules and objective requirements.

A particle meaning 'such as' or 'etc.' used for listing examples, showing humility, or downplaying the importance of an item.

Used to provide advice, suggestions, or conclusions based on a specific topic or premise provided by the context.

A suffix meaning 'hard to do' or 'difficult to,' focusing on objective or physical difficulty.

A foundational pattern used to express the purpose of going, coming, or returning to a place.

A grammar pattern used to state a strong logical conclusion or subjective certainty ('must be').

The polite and objective way to express 'because' or 'since' in Japanese.

Expresses 'although' or 'despite' with an added nuance of surprise, complaint, or regret regarding an unexpected outcome.

Expresses the purpose of an object or the requirements for a specific goal.

A formal and standard way to say something is 'one of' a larger group or category.

A grammar pattern used to express logical expectations ('should be' / 'supposed to') based on evidence or facts.

The 'provisional' conditional used for logical results, general truths, and hypothetical 'if' scenarios.

Expresses that someone or something is doing 'nothing but' one thing, often with a nuance of excess or criticism.

A common expression for expressing regret about the past, meaning 'should have' or 'wish I had'.

Expresses that an action or event is occurring again after a specific period of time has passed (e.g., 'for the first time in 3 years').

A pattern used to express what one 'should' or 'ought to' do based on social, moral, or logical standards.

An i-adjective used to express the speaker's desire for a specific object or noun.

A versatile word used to express 'almost all' or 'mostly' in positive sentences, and 'hardly' or 'scarcely' in negative sentences.

Expresses degree, extent, or approximation ('about', 'to the point of', 'not as... as').

A comparative structure used to say that something is 'not as... as' something else, focusing on the degree or extent.

A temporal adverb meaning 'still' or 'not yet' depending on whether the sentence is affirmative or negative.

A versatile pattern meaning 'as it is' or 'while remaining in the state of,' used to show a condition persists during another action.

A casual expression meaning 'like' or 'seems like,' used for metaphors and guesses based on observation.

A versatile adverb used to express 'already,' 'no longer,' or 'more' depending on the sentence structure.

The verb 'to receive.' Used when the subject of the sentence is the one getting an object or a favor from someone else.

Attached to a verb stem to mean 'easy to do' or 'prone to.'

A formal expression for making inferences based on evidence or describing similarities.

A formal expression meaning 'about to' or 'on the verge of,' used for both intentional actions and natural changes.

A conditional pattern meaning 'if it seems like' or 'if it is the case that,' used for giving advice or making suggestions based on observations.

A grammar pattern used to describe making a conscious effort to perform an action or maintain a habit.

A pattern used to express that someone has reached a new state, gained a new ability, or started a new habit over time.

A formal auxiliary used for making comparisons ('like'), evidence-based guesses ('seems'), and providing examples ('such as').

A standard comparison pattern meaning 'B is more ... than A.'

Expresses hearsay/conjecture ('apparently') or typicality ('truly like').

Learn how to conjugate verbs to express 'can' or 'be able to' in Japanese, covering both internal skills and situational possibilities.

A grammar pattern used to express logical results, explanations of circumstances, or 'no wonder' moments.

A versatile pattern used to describe physical characteristics, voices, personalities, accessories, shapes, and occupations.

Used to express 'on the other hand,' 'while,' or 'at the same time' in formal contexts.

Expresses the superlative degree ('the most', 'the best') when comparing three or more items.

A formal and objective way to express scheduled plans, appointments, or itineraries.

A foundational pattern for adding information or identifying alternatives, meaning 'besides' or 'in addition to.'

A versatile pattern meaning 'instead of,' 'in exchange for,' or 'to make up for.'

A formal pattern meaning 'ever since,' used to describe a continuous state or lack of action starting from a past event until a reference point.

Used to emphasize that something is 'not at all' the case or that an action is 'completely not' performed.

A suffix added to the verb stem to indicate that an action has started suddenly or unexpectedly.

A grammar pattern used to express that an action or time period occurs before another event.

A suffix added to verbs to indicate a mutual or reciprocal action ('to do to each other').

A common expression used to compare two things and state that they are roughly equal in degree or amount.

A suffix meaning 'type,' 'model,' or 'style' used to classify nouns into specific categories.

A formal expression used to state what should be done or what will happen in a specific situation or event.

A neutral auxiliary verb attached to the verb stem to indicate the beginning of an action or state.

A common pattern used to sequence actions ('after doing X') or to say 'later' as an adverb.

Expresses objective necessity or a requirement to do something.

A direct grammar pattern for giving advice, recommending that someone perform (or avoid) a specific action.

Learn how to describe the 'way' or 'method' of doing something by attaching 方（かた） to verb stems.

The primary way to express 'when' in Japanese, used for specific points in time or general situations.

A grammar pattern used to indicate that an event occurred right in the middle of another ongoing action, often implying an interruption.

A common pattern used to describe the reason for a person's or place's fame or reputation.

A suffix meaning 'to do over' or 'to redo' in order to correct or improve a result.

Attached to the masu-stem of a verb to express the completion of an action.

Attached to the verb stem to indicate that an action continues without stopping, or that a habit is maintained repeatedly over a long period.

A suffix added to verbs to express moving into something or performing an action deeply and thoroughly.

A temporal marker used to express 'while' or 'during' a specific period of time.

Learn how to conjugate and use the causative form to express 'make' or 'let' in Japanese, including proper particle usage and social nuances.

Expresses being forced or compelled to do an action by someone else, often with a nuance of reluctance.

Learn how to form and use the direct passive voice to describe actions from the receiver's perspective.

An overview of the five categories of Japanese honorifics used to show respect and social hierarchy.

The imperative form (命令形) is used for blunt commands, emergencies, and cheering. It is highly forceful and should be used with extreme caution in social settings.

Expresses that the subject is inconvenienced or negatively affected by an action performed by someone else or a natural phenomenon.

Learn how to conjugate and use the Japanese passive voice to describe actions from the receiver's perspective, including the unique 'adversative' passive.

A strong command used to forbid actions, formed by adding 「な」 to the dictionary form of a verb.

A casual verb form used to suggest actions ('let's') or express one's own intention ('I will').

A formal clausal connector used in written Japanese, equivalent to 'and' or 'while' but with a literary tone.

Expresses a final, usually negative, result that follows a long or difficult process.

Expresses doing something while a current state persists or a change occurring during an ongoing action.

A marker used to show that an action is started but unfinished, or is just about to happen.

A formal auxiliary verb used to express situational or professional inability, often used for polite refusals in business.

Expresses a frequent tendency or habit, usually with a negative connotation like 'prone to' or 'apt to.'

A suffix meaning 'to do completely' or 'to reach the limit of a state.'

A suffix meaning '-looking' or 'seeming,' used to describe the atmosphere or emotional state someone appears to be in.

Expresses that a specific result consistently follows a recurring trigger; 'every time X happens, Y occurs.'

Describes a state left unchanged (often carelessly) or a continuous, uninterrupted action.

A pattern used to express doing something extra while performing a main task, similar to 'while you're at it' in English.

An emphatic pattern used to express that a specific action or state is the absolute prerequisite for a meaningful outcome.

Expresses that a realization or state was reached only after a specific experience or event occurred.

A pattern used to express doing something before a change occurs, often with a sense of urgency or 'while the chance lasts.'

A formal expression meaning 'even if' or 'whether... or...', used to show that a situation doesn't change the outcome.

Expresses a proportional relationship where one change triggers another (e.g., 'The more I study, the more I forget').

A formal parallel structure meaning 'both A and B' or 'not only A but also B,' used to list coexisting traits or actions.

A formal way to say 'whether [verb] or not,' emphasizing that the outcome or decision is fixed regardless of the action.

A respectful verb form using passive conjugation to show politeness toward a superior's actions.

A formal pattern meaning 'after doing' (as a prerequisite) or 'in the process of' (defining scope).

A formal expression meaning 'now that' or 'since,' used to express strong determination, duty, or advice following a finalized situation or decision.

A formal expression meaning 'after a long process' or 'at the end of much effort,' used for significant results.

A formal pattern used for 'as soon as' (future actions), 'depending on' (outcomes), or explaining 'circumstances'.

Expresses a slight tendency or feeling of a state (usually negative), like 'a touch of' or 'a bit'.

A formal expression meaning 'when' or 'on the occasion of,' commonly used in business, manuals, and public notices.

A formal, humble version of 'to do' used in business and professional settings to show respect to the listener.

A humble verb meaning 'to receive', 'to eat', or 'to drink', used to show respect and gratitude to a superior.

The honorific equivalent of the verbs 'to be', 'to go', 'to come', and the copula, used for superiors.

A formal humble pattern used to describe your own actions when they involve or benefit a person of higher status.

A formal honorific (Sonkeigo) pattern used to respectfully describe the actions of a superior or respected person.

A grammar pattern used to attribute a positive outcome to a specific cause, expressing a sense of gratitude or luck.

A respectful verb used to describe the speech of superiors or respected individuals.

The humble equivalent of 「いる」 (to be/exist), used to describe oneself or one's group in formal situations.

A formal expression meaning 'no sooner than' or 'just as,' used when two events happen with almost no time gap between them.

A formal literary pattern meaning 'as if' or 'as though,' used for metaphorical comparisons.

A formal pattern meaning 'as if' or 'as though,' used for hypothetical comparisons and similes.

An intermediate-level structure used to state a judgment based on a specific criterion, standpoint, or angle.

A formal expression meaning 'hard to do' due to psychological, emotional, or moral reasons.

Expresses a strict limit ('only') or a state that has continued unchanged since a specific past event ('ever since').

Expresses 'even though' with a strong tone of criticism, blame, or teasing.

The honorific version of くれる, used when a superior gives something to the speaker.

A formal nominalizer used to turn verbs and clauses into abstract noun phrases for facts, hobbies, and general concepts.

A pattern used to describe life experiences or things that happen occasionally.

A pattern used to give firm advice or instructions, emphasizing that a certain action is the best way to achieve a goal.

A formal, literary expression meaning 'without doing' or 'without ever,' used to describe actions that occur without interruption or expected events.

A grammar pattern used to express a personal decision, a self-imposed rule, or the act of pretending.

A pattern used to describe decisions, arrangements, or logical outcomes where the focus is on the result rather than the person who made the choice.

A pattern used to tell someone there is no need to do something or to state that something will never happen.

The respectful honorific version of 'to see', 'to look at', or 'to read', used for the actions of superiors.

Converts adjectives into nouns to express the degree or measurable extent of a quality.

A formal, literary pattern expressing that an action is unavoidable despite one's preferences.

Expresses that a situation has no other alternatives, leaving only one possible action.

A grammar pattern used to attribute a negative result to a specific cause, meaning 'because of' or 'it's the fault of.'

An emphatic 'even if' pattern used to show that a specific condition (no matter how extreme) won't affect the main action or state.

Expresses that an action has just been completed based on the speaker's subjective feeling of recency.

A formal pattern used to indicate a goal (purpose) or a reason (cause).

Expresses 'not only A, but also B' by adding information to a statement.

An intermediate expression used to identify a small positive aspect within a negative context, meaning 'at least it's better that...'

A casual, emphatic way to say something is 'absolutely impossible' or 'no way' it will happen.

A humble/courteous expression used to describe one's own ongoing actions or states in formal situations.

Expresses an unbearable or uncontrollable feeling, sensation, or desire (e.g., 'so... I can't help it').

Expresses an unbearable or extreme physical or emotional state that the speaker cannot control.

Used for uncontrollable, spontaneous feelings or thoughts in formal contexts.

A grammar pattern used to criticize someone for doing one thing exclusively while neglecting other responsibilities.

A very formal version of the copula 'to be', used for the speaker, their own company, or inanimate objects in professional and business settings.

A temporal marker used with various verb forms to indicate the specific stage of an action (about to, currently, or just finished).

A grammar pattern used to express an unexpected outcome or a discovery that goes against what was previously thought or intended.

A common transition word used to change the subject of a conversation to something new.

Used to express a role, capacity, or standpoint, similar to 'as' in English.

A formal expression for 'together with', 'simultaneously', or 'proportional change'.

Expresses 'no matter how much' or 'however much' something is done or exists, the result stays the same.

A formal pattern meaning 'on the occasion of' or 'at the time of,' used for significant life events and milestones.

A formal equivalent of the particle 'で', used to specify a location, time, or field in professional or written Japanese.

A grammar pattern used to view a situation through the eyes of another person, focusing on their subjective feelings or reactions.

Expresses surprise that something doesn't match the expected standard of a specific category (e.g., 'For a beginner, you're good').

The standard Japanese expression for 'about' or 'concerning,' used to introduce a topic for discussion, research, or thought.

A grammar pattern used to describe two things changing simultaneously and proportionally (e.g., 'As the temperature rises, the ice melts').

A pattern used to identify the person or entity from whose standpoint a subjective evaluation or judgment is being made.

A formal literary connector meaning 'is nothing other than [X], and...' or 'is precisely because of [X], so...' used to emphasize a single cause or identity and connect it to a conclusion.

A formal way to say 'despite' or 'in spite of', used to show that a result was unexpected given the circumstances.

A formal pattern meaning 'depending on,' 'by (an agent),' 'due to,' or 'through means of.'

A formal way to cite a source of information, equivalent to 'according to' in English.

A formal expression meaning 'nothing but' or 'none other than,' used to strongly identify the true nature or reason of something.

A formal expression meaning 'along with' or 'as,' used to show that two changes are happening in tandem or that one event occurs in correlation with another.

A formal pattern used to add one fact or item to another, emphasizing a cumulative or supplementary relationship.

A formal expression meaning 'contrary to' or 'against,' used when reality contradicts expectations or rules.

A formal pattern meaning 'based on' or 'on the basis of,' used to show that a decision or action is grounded in specific rules, data, or facts.

A formal expression meaning 'toward,' 'in contrast to,' or 'per/for every,' used for directing actions at a target, comparing situations, or expressing ratios.

A formal pattern meaning 'in accordance with' or 'as (something changes).'

A standard pattern used to show that something is adjusted or decided in proportion to a specific condition (e.g., 'depending on the budget' or 'according to the weather').

An assertive expression used to state that something is obviously true or inevitable from the speaker's perspective.

A versatile pattern meaning 'along' a physical path or 'in accordance with' a plan or guideline.

A formal expression meaning 'regarding' or 'concerning,' used to introduce a topic in professional or academic settings.

An intermediate pattern used to express irony ('of all times'), strong trust ('that person of all people'), or critical generalizations.

A formal expression used to show that something is not limited to a specific example but applies to a wider range or category.

A formal way to say 'on the occasion of' or 'at the time of' a major event or official procedure.

Turns verbs and clauses into nouns, specifically for concrete actions and sensory perception.

A mid-level expression meaning 'not to mention' or 'of course A, but also B,' used to emphasize the obviousness of the first item.

A formal expression meaning 'not only... but also,' used to add emphasis or indicate an unexpected additional fact.

A suffix used to create nouns from adjectives that emphasize subjective qualities, sensations, or abstract depth.

Expresses strong emotional negation, defiance, or a firm 'absolutely not' stance.

A pattern for expressing universal truths, social expectations ('should'), strong desires, nostalgic past habits, or reasons/excuses.

An explanatory 'because' used for excuses and justifications.

Expresses social norms, moral rules, or common sense prohibitions ('One shouldn't...').

A formal way to express 'although' or 'despite,' used to contrast a fact with an unexpected or limited outcome.

A grammar pattern used to state that an action is impossible because the necessary method or means to perform it do not exist.

A pattern used to describe someone's refusal to act or their lack of effort to do something expected.

A pattern used to express an attempt to start an action or a state where something is just about to happen.

Expresses a purpose or goal, focusing on achieving a specific state or avoiding a result.

A pattern used for indirect reporting of commands, requests, or advice, meaning 'to tell someone to do something.'

A formal expression meaning 'cannot do something even if one tries' due to external obstacles.

A formal expression meaning 'no choice but to,' used when only one option remains due to circumstances.

Used to express a strong conviction that something is absolutely impossible or unthinkable ('no way that...').

A pattern used to deny a specific inference or to say 'it's not necessarily the case that...'

Expresses that one cannot do something because of social, moral, or situational constraints.

An intermediate expression used to say 'considering [X]' or 'for [X],' indicating that the outcome doesn't match the expected standard.

Identifies a specific event as the catalyst or turning point for a new action or change.

A formal pattern used to introduce a primary, representative example of a larger group.

A grammar pattern used to describe creating or deciding something based on a specific source, inspiration, or set of data.

Used with nouns to indicate a focal point, primary target, or physical center (e.g., 'centered around the station' or 'focusing on youth').

A formal way to say 'regardless of' or 'no matter the...', often used in job ads or official rules to show inclusivity.

A formal pattern meaning 'prompted by' or 'with... as a turning point,' used for significant life or social changes.

A versatile pattern used to express 'through' a medium/person or 'throughout' a period of time.

A formal suffix used to express a standpoint or perspective within a specific field (e.g., legally, historically).

A productive suffix used to express the process of changing into a specific state, similar to '-ization' in English.

The humble (Kenjōgo) version of 'to go' and 'to come,' used to show respect to the listener by lowering the speaker's status.

A grammar pattern used to present two contrasting aspects of a single subject, often highlighting a 'pros and cons' relationship.

A respectful verb used to describe a superior's action of eating or drinking.

The humble form of 'to know' and 'to think,' essential for formal business Japanese.

The humble form of 'to give,' used when giving to superiors or clients to show formal respect.

Expresses theoretical or logical possibility ('can happen' or 'is conceivable').

A suffix used to form abstract nouns meaning '-ness' or '-ity', describing properties or potential.

A formal way to say 'there is a risk that...' or 'it is feared that...' regarding negative possibilities.

The humble (Kenjougo) form of 'to see' or 'to look at,' used to show respect to the person whose items you are viewing.

The humble version of 'to say', used for self-introductions and formal reporting.

A suffix used to turn nouns into adjectives, similar to the English suffixes '-ic', '-ical', or '-ive'.

A formal pattern used to warn of a potential negative outcome or risk.

Emphasizes a reason as the sole or most important cause ('precisely because').

An emphatic upper-intermediate pattern used to make a broad judgment based on a single, telling detail ('Judging from...').

A formal/emphatic expression meaning 'since' or 'now that,' used to show resolve or obligation following a decision or fact.

A formal literary pattern used to describe an action that happens immediately after another, emphasizing extreme speed.

A formal pattern meaning 'from the fact that' or 'judging from,' used to provide objective reasons or explain origins.

A grammar pattern used to justify a guess or prediction based on a person's known personality or typical behavior.

A formal way to say you are forced to do something or have no other choice, often used with a sense of reluctance.

Describes a repetitive cycle where an action is immediately undone or followed by another event, often expressing frustration.

A grammar pattern used to describe an immediate and often surprising sequence of events, meaning 'the moment' or 'the instant' something happened.

A pattern used to express that a result is exactly what one would expect given a certain high status, quality, or effort.

A formal expression meaning 'precisely because' or 'all the more because,' used when a result is a natural or intensified consequence of a cause.

A sentence-final expression meaning 'it's no wonder' or 'it's worth the effort/price,' used to praise a result that matches its reputation or cost.

A formal conjunctive particle meaning 'while' or 'although,' often used to describe simultaneous actions or internal conflict.

A formal way to say something is 'in the process of' changing, used for trends and gradual shifts.

A grammar pattern used to indicate that a specific action is a mandatory prerequisite for another action to take place, usually followed by a negative result if the condition isn't met.

An advanced pattern used to express that a dramatic or emotionally significant change has continued ever since a specific event occurred.

An N2-level expression used to describe taking extreme or excessive measures to achieve a goal, typically carrying a critical or surprised tone.

Used to express a strong, subjective judgment or to define the true essence of a situation (e.g., 'That's what you call true friendship').

A formal expression used to state that a certain logic or condition is not sufficient to reach a conclusion, or that a general assumption is not an absolute truth.

A qualification marker meaning 'Although I say...' used to clarify that a situation is not as extreme as it sounds.

A formal expression meaning 'although' or 'that said,' used to acknowledge a fact while presenting a contrasting point.

A partial negation pattern meaning 'not necessarily' or 'not always,' used to acknowledge exceptions to general rules.

A formal pattern meaning 'without intending to' or 'from an unknown source.'

An advanced pattern used to describe the special circumstances or natural results that occur once a certain high level or significant stage is reached.

A conditional pattern meaning 'unless' or 'if not,' used to state that a certain condition must be met for a result to be possible.

Used to express that a negative outcome is not impossible, often as a warning against overconfidence or certainty.

A formal expression meaning 'even if not to the extent of X, at least Y,' used to highlight a minimum or partial level of achievement.

A formal expression meaning 'although' or 'despite,' used to highlight a contradiction between two states or situations.

A formal, literary pattern used to emphasize that a specific factor is an absolute necessity for a result to be achieved.

A formal particle meaning 'as soon as' (immediate succession) or 'or' (listing alternatives).

A pattern used to emphasize that someone or something is unrivaled or exceptionally skilled in a specific area.

A formal, emphatic pattern used to state that something is 'nothing other than' a specific thing or reason.

A formal expression meaning 'over,' 'spanning,' or 'throughout,' used to emphasize the large scale or long duration of an event.

A formal grammar pattern used to indicate that a specific action is taken as a necessary preparation before a significant event occurs.

A formal pattern used to describe actions that strictly follow facts, reality, or established standards without deviation.

A formal, written expression meaning 'without a doubt' or 'certainly,' used to state a strong conclusion based on evidence.

A formal pattern used to highlight an extreme or representative example within a broader context, often carrying a tone of shock or criticism.

A formal pattern used to emphasize that a range is complete and exhaustive, reaching even an extreme or detailed point.

A formal pattern used to downplay something as 'merely' or 'nothing more than' a certain state or amount.

A formal expression meaning 'regardless of' or 'no matter,' used to show that a condition does not affect the outcome.

A highly formal and literary expression of obligation, often used for moral or social duties.

A formal literary pattern meaning 'the height of' or 'the epitome of,' used to describe reaching the absolute limit of a state or emotion.

A formal way to set a topic aside to focus on the main point.

A pattern used to bracket a specific factor as secondary, focusing instead on a more important aspect of the situation.

A formal to standard expression meaning 'apart from' or 'setting aside,' used to exclude a specific factor from the current judgment.

A pattern used to express what one 'ought to' do based on social norms, logic, or moral duty.

A formal expression meaning 'should not' or 'ought not to,' used to describe actions that are socially or morally improper.

A formal, literary pattern used to express a strong purpose or intention, equivalent to 'in order to' but with a sense of duty or resolve.

A formal, literary pattern used to express that something is absolutely impossible or unthinkable under the circumstances.

A formal, literary pattern expressing a strong effort or struggle to prevent an action or emotion from happening.

A formal expression meaning 'no need to do X' because the result is already obvious or the action is redundant.

A formal literary pattern meaning 'as soon as,' used to describe two events happening in immediate, almost simultaneous succession.

A formal expression meaning 'ignoring' or 'disregarding,' often used to criticize indifference toward others' feelings or significant situations.

A formal literary pattern used to express that someone was forced into a difficult situation or action by external factors.

A formal pattern meaning 'starting with,' used when one event triggers a series of similar, expanding developments.

A formal pattern used to indicate passing through a location, a period of time, or a specific process to reach a subsequent state.

A formal way to say 'taking X into account' or 'based on X' when X serves as the foundation for a subsequent action or judgment.

A formal, literary pattern meaning 'in order to,' used to express a strong, determined purpose or a desperate goal.

A formal pattern used to describe an extreme state that looks like it is on the verge of a specific action.

A formal expression used to indicate that a situation or event is theoretically possible or conceivable.

A formal literary expression meaning 'extremely' or 'to the utmost limit,' typically used for negative criticism.

A formal literary pattern used to express the absolute peak of an emotion or state, often used in formal greetings or apologies.

A formal way to express the extreme peak of one's emotions, such as 'extremely happy' or 'deeply regrettable.'

A formal way to say 'depending on' or 'contingent upon', used to show that a result varies based on a specific factor.

A formal concessive pattern used to express that a result or decision is independent of whether a specific action occurs.

Used to describe a negative tendency, habit, or characteristic that is prone to occurring.

An advanced expression used to describe a final, deplorable outcome after a situation has progressively worsened.

A formal pattern used to express an irresistible internal urge or a reaction that one cannot suppress (e.g., 'can't help but cry').

A formal literary expression meaning 'regardless of' or 'whether it be,' used to state principles or unwavering facts.

An emphatic expression meaning 'indescribably' or 'extremely,' used for both positive and negative extremes.

A formal way to say 'That said' or 'Even though it is a fact that,' used to qualify a statement with a contrasting reality.

A formal expression meaning 'without particularly intending to' or 'from an unknown source/place.'

Emphasizes a sharp contrast or extreme degree, translating to 'far from,' 'anything but,' or 'let alone.'

Expresses that a situation is so extreme that a certain action is impossible or 'out of the question.'

Expresses an irresistible impulse or a spontaneous emotional/physical reaction that one cannot suppress.

A formal pattern used to indicate that a state or condition remains unchanged during an action or over time.

A formal pattern used to say 'If it were A, it might be okay, but B is unacceptable/surprising.'

A formal literary pattern meaning 'it's easy to imagine' or 'not difficult to understand' given the circumstances.

A formal idiom describing a fierce, neck-and-neck competition between rivals of equal strength.

A formal emphatic pattern meaning 'precisely because,' used to highlight an essential or underlying reason.

A formal literary auxiliary expressing strong negative intention or negative probability.

A conditional pattern for impossible wishes or hypothetical actions leading to serious consequences.

An advanced particle expressing 'although' with a strong nuance of regret, blame, or missed opportunity.

A formal expression meaning 'undaunted by' or 'in defiance of,' used to praise someone for overcoming a major hardship.

A formal causative pattern meaning 'to force (someone) to...' or 'to make (something) unavoidable' due to external circumstances.

A formal pattern used to describe acting without considering risks, danger, or obligations.

An advanced pattern used to express exasperation at a pathetic or regrettable final result.

A formal expression used to state that something exists or is possible only because of a specific foundation or prerequisite.

A formal way to say 'while also' or 'partly for the purpose of' when performing a social courtesy.

A formal expression used to describe balancing a primary occupation with a secondary activity or role over a long period.

An advanced expression for taking the opportunity of a main action to do something incidental that involves movement.

An advanced suffix used to describe behaviors that seem excessive, intrusive, or inappropriately 'like' something, usually carrying a critical tone.

An advanced suffix meaning 'the whole group' or 'including the entire entity,' used for collective involvement.

A formal way to say 'Although there is X...' or 'X may exist, but...'

A formal expression meaning 'A might happen, but B definitely will not,' used for strong contrastive emphasis.

An advanced suffix meaning 'smacking of' or 'tainted with,' used to describe things that have taken on an unpleasant or excessive characteristic.

An advanced suffix meaning 'entirely' or 'nothing but,' used to describe a state or situation that is 100% one thing.

An advanced conditional pattern expressing that an action is futile or won't change the status quo.

A formal emphatic pattern meaning 'not even one...' used to stress absolute denial or strictness.

A formal expression used to state the moral or professional obligations inherent to a specific role or status.

A suffix meaning 'full of' or 'covered with,' typically used for negative things like mud, blood, or mistakes.

A pattern used to describe a repetitive, cyclical sequence of actions, commonly used in both everyday conversation and writing.

A formal literary pattern meaning 'never stop [verb]-ing' or 'sincerely [verb],' used for enduring emotions.

A formal N1-level pattern used to describe a result that naturally follows from a special or rare situation.

A formal conditional pattern used to emphasize that a specific condition or reason leads to a resolute action or inevitable outcome.

A formal literary particle meaning 'even' or 'even if,' used to emphasize that a specific condition or status is not an exception to the situation.

An advanced formal expression used to criticize or express shock that someone in a respected position would act inappropriately for their status.

A formal pattern used to contrast a hypothetical, excusable situation with a current, unacceptable reality.

Used to emphasize that a positive quality is unique to a specific person, place, or thing, expressing admiration for its special nature.

A formal expression used to indicate a minimum requirement or a small, acceptable degree of something, often used in humble requests or business settings.

An advanced expression meaning 'in one's own way' or 'commensurate with,' used to describe actions or states within specific limitations.

A formal expression used to state that something is worth doing or possesses enough quality to withstand evaluation or appreciation.

A formal pattern expressing overwhelming emotions or unbearable qualities (e.g., 'unbearable to watch' or 'overwhelmed with gratitude').

A formal literary expression meaning 'worthy of' or 'sufficient to' justify a specific evaluation or action.

A formal way to say 'let alone' or 'not to mention,' emphasizing that a basic requirement isn't even met, much less a higher one.

An advanced suffix meaning 'to look like' or 'to take on the air of,' used to describe a natural progression into a certain state or appearance.

A critical suffix meaning 'to act like' or 'to pretend to be,' used for personality traits or social status.

A suffix meaning 'covered in' or 'smeared with,' typically used for messy, unpleasant substances like mud or blood.

A formal suffix that functions as the transitive version of <grammar expression="〜めく" level="5" id="jkYW8xpCZLPts3NqX6ev">〜めく</grammar>, meaning 'to give an air of' or 'to make something take on the appearance of' a certain quality.

A literary suffix meaning 'to show signs of' or 'to take on the air of' a noun, often used for seasons or abstract vibes.

A formal expression meaning 'A is true/important, but B is even more so,' used to shift emphasis to a second, more significant point.

A formal, literary reason marker used in academic writing and dramatic dialogue to indicate an inevitable cause.

A formal expression used to emphasize that a specific person or thing is the only one suitable for a task or role, often carrying a tone of high praise.

A formal literary expression meaning 'cannot help but feel' or 'cannot suppress' a strong emotion.

A formal, literary pattern meaning 'it goes without saying' or 'something that should not have been said'.

A formal grammar pattern used to express that something depends on or is independent of a specific factor, such as a result or reason.

A formal expression meaning 'beyond one's control' or 'nothing can be done,' used to express helplessness or resignation in the face of insurmountable odds.

A highly formal pattern used to express that something applies regardless of the reasons, circumstances, or state of the preceding noun.

An advanced expression used to describe a situation where one's strong desire to act is thwarted by external obstacles, often conveying frustration.

An advanced expression meaning 'under the pretext of' or 'using X as an excuse for Y,' often used critically.

A formal expression meaning 'unbearable to' (perception) or 'overwhelming' (emotion).

A formal pattern used to emphasize a sharp, often evaluative contrast between two people, things, or situations.

A formal comparative pattern meaning 'even more than' or 'above all else,' used to emphasize an extreme degree.

A formal expression used to indicate that one action is performed to fulfill two different purposes or roles at the same time.

The classical epistolary style used for formal letters and documents, characterized by ending sentences with the polite auxiliary 候（そうろう）.

An archaic, highly formal literary style that applies Classical Japanese grammar to Sino-Japanese vocabulary.

A formal oratorical register used in public speaking and political rhetoric to project authority and conviction.

A formal written style used in academic, journalistic, and literary contexts to convey objective facts and authoritative information.

The standard polite style used in public life, business, and writing to show courtesy to the reader or listener.

The formal written copula used for academic papers, technical reports, and literary narration to convey objective authority.

A formal literary expression used to state that even a significant condition or status does not change a certain truth or requirement.

A formal/literary particle meaning 'in', 'at', or 'regarding' a specific location, time, or field.

A formal particle meaning 'in', 'at', or 'during' that modifies a noun to show its specific context or setting.

A formal, literary expression meaning 'being,' 'as,' or 'at the same time as,' used to describe identities or remarkable states.

A formal literary expression used to indicate that something is done in strict accordance with laws, rules, or traditions.

A formal literary expression meaning 'in light of' or 'in view of,' used to state the basis for a formal judgment or action.

A very formal pattern used to express the 'utmost' or 'height' of a subjective emotion or state, often used in ceremonies or formal apologies.

A formal, literary way to say 'as soon as' or 'the moment that' something happens.

A very formal expression meaning 'by means of' or 'as of (time)', used in official and business contexts.

A classical auxiliary verb indicating the past tense based on the speaker's direct personal experience or memory.

A classical auxiliary verb for past conjecture, equivalent to the modern 〜ただろう.

A classical auxiliary indicating hearsay past or sudden realization, common in literature and poetry.

An advanced classical Japanese auxiliary used for narrative past (hearsay) and exclamatory realization.

A formal, literary expression meaning 'like' or 'as if,' often found in proverbs and formal writing.

A classical Japanese auxiliary verb expressing negative speculation or negative intention, attached to the irrealis base (mizenkei).

Classical Japanese causative auxiliaries used for 'making/letting' or expressing the highest level of respect for nobility.

A formal classical copula meaning 'to be', primarily used to express status, roles, or acquired states in literary contexts.

A classical perfective auxiliary indicating completed, often intentional, actions.

Classical Japanese auxiliary for hearsay and auditory-based conjecture.

The fundamental classical copula used to assert identity or state, serving as the ancestor to many modern grammatical structures.

A classical perfective auxiliary（完了）used for natural completion and non-volitional actions, attaching to the 連用形（れんようけい）.

A classical auxiliary used for obligation, strong certainty, or commands, still found in formal modern Japanese.

A classical auxiliary verb for counterfactual 'would' and hesitant 'should I?'

A formal/classical auxiliary meaning 'should not' or 'unbecoming of,' used to express strong negative judgment or impossibility.

The classical Japanese auxiliary verb for expressing intent, probability, or suggestion.

A classical Japanese auxiliary verb expressing conjecture based on visual evidence ('it seems') or providing a polite, indirect tone.

A classical auxiliary verb for present conjecture ('probably... right now') or wondering about the cause of a current situation.

An archaic auxiliary verb expressing completion or a resulting state, strictly following the 'サ未四已'（さみしい）attachment rule.

The classical ancestors of the modern passive/honorific forms, used for passive, honorific, potential, and spontaneous meanings.

Casual や links a noun or na-adjective predicate to its subject in Kansai and Hakata speech.

A verb tara-conditional plus あかん expresses a familiar prohibition or an unacceptable outcome in Kansai speech.

After a noun or na-adjective predicate, ちゃう can mean is not in casual Kansai speech.

A verb te-form followed by もええ can allow or accept an action in familiar Kansai speech.

The regional negative base plus なあかん expresses necessity in familiar Kansai speech.

Add ねん to a casual verb or i-adjective predicate to explain a situation in Kansai speech.

Casual -へん makes a negative verb predicate in Osaka-centered Kansai speech.

Nouns and na-adjectives use やねん when giving a casual explanation in Kansai speech.

Casual -ん negates verbs in western varieties including Kansai and Hakata.

Osaka-centered はる can add respectful treatment when talking about another person's action.

Casual や links a noun or na-adjective predicate to its subject in Kansai and Hakata speech.

けん connects a reason to its consequence in casual Fukuoka/Hakata speech.

Sentence-final と can ask a casual explanatory question in Fukuoka/Hakata speech.

In the Hakata aspect contrast, -とる/-とう can present the state resulting from an action.

ばってん introduces a contrast in Fukuoka/Hakata speech, much like but or although.

An ongoing action can use a verb stem plus よる, with contracted よう in Hakata speech.

Casual -ん negates verbs in western varieties including Kansai and Hakata.

Traditional Hakata adjective predicates can use -か where standard i-adjectives end in -い.

Sentence-final たい can give a statement a regional explanatory or assertive force in Hakata speech.

Sentence-final ばい is a regional way to present or emphasize a statement to the listener.