ません
Polite Negative
Use ません to say you 'don't' or 'won't' do something in a polite way. It is the negative version of the ます form.
How It Works
The ません ending is used in 丁寧語(ていねいご - polite speech) to negate actions. It is used with strangers, superiors, or in professional settings.
How to form:
If you already know a verb's ます form, simply replace ます with ません (e.g., 行きます(いきます) → 行きません(いきません)). No new conjugation is required. Otherwise, to create the ません form, you first find the verb stem:
- Group 1 (Godan): Change the final -u sound to -i and add ません. (e.g., 行く(いく) → 行き(いき) + ません = 行きません(いきません))
- Group 2 (Ichidan): Remove the final る and add ません. (e.g., 食べる(たべる) → 食べ(たべ) + ません = 食べません(たべません))
- Group 3 (Irregular): する becomes しません; 来る(くる) becomes 来ません(きません).
Core Functions:
1. Habitual Negative: Expresses things you do not regularly do. (e.g., 朝ごはんは食べません(あさごはんはたべません) - I don't eat breakfast.)
2. Future Negative: Expresses things you will not do or refuse to do. (e.g., 明日、学校へ行きません(あした、がっこうへいきません) - I will not go to school tomorrow.)
3. Polite Invitation (Negative Question): When used as ませんか, it becomes a polite invitation. (e.g., 一緒に飲みませんか(いっしょにのみませんか) - Would you like to get a drink together?)
4. Past Negative: To express that you did not do something in the past, change ません to ませんでした. (e.g., 昨日、学校へ行きませんでした(きのう、がっこうへいきませんでした) - I did not go to school yesterday.)
Important Note: While ません does not attach directly to nouns or adjectives, it is a core component of their polite negative forms (e.g., ではありません / じゃありません for nouns and な-adjectives, and 〜くありません for い-adjectives).
Nuance:
While ない + です is also polite, ません is considered slightly more formal and firm. It is the standard way to become proficient in polite Japanese conversation.
Examples (4)
- 朝ごはんは食べません。
I don't eat breakfast.
Word by Word: Breakfast (topic) eat-not.
This shows a habitual action (something the speaker usually does not do).
- 明日は学校へ行きません。
I will not go to school tomorrow.
Word by Word: Tomorrow (topic) school to go-not.
Here, ません refers to a future intention or plan.
- すみません、わかりません。
I'm sorry, I don't understand.
Word by Word: Excuse me, understand-not.
A very common set phrase used to express a current state of not knowing or understanding.
- お酒は飲みません。
I don't drink alcohol.
Word by Word: Alcohol (topic) drink-not.
Used to state a general fact or personal habit politely.
Common Mistakes
Stacking the plain negative ない with ません.
食べないません(たべないません)。食べません(たべません)。ません replaces the entire ます ending. You should not include the plain ない before it.
Using ません with adjectives.
このお茶は熱いません(このおちゃはあついません)。このお茶は熱くありません(このおちゃはあつくありません)。ません is only for verbs. For adjectives, you must use the い-adjective negative or な-adjective negative forms.
Using the wrong stem for Godan verbs.
行かません(いかません)行きません(いきません)Godan verbs use the 'i' sound stem for ません, not the 'a' sound stem used for the ない form.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To understand 'ません', you first need to be familiar with the basic polite verb ending 'ます', as 'ません' is its negative form. You also need a foundational understanding of Japanese verb concepts and the general concept of polite language levels.
Related Patterns
- ませんでしたPolite Past Negative
The polite past negative form ('did not').
Level 1 - ませんかWon't You?
Adding the question particle 'か' turns the negative into a polite invitation ('Won't you...?').
Level 1 - ない形Plain Negative
The casual/plain negative form of verbs.
Level 2 - あまり〜ないNot Very
Often used with ません to say 'not very often' or 'not much'.
Level 2 - 全然〜ないNot at All
Used with ません to say 'not at all'.
Level 2
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.