Turkish Grammar List

Browse all 317 Turkish grammar patterns, from beginner to advanced. Every page has example sentences with translations and the mistakes learners make most. Foundations covers the building blocks. Level 1 is for beginners, and Level 6 is the most advanced.

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Open Page: The Turkish Alphabet

The Turkish AlphabetLevel 1

Level 1 (76)

Level 2 (62)

Level 3 (62)

Level 4 (50)

Level 5 (38)

-(y)e (istek kipi)The Optative (Let Me, Let Us)
A verb mood used for suggestions, volunteering, and expressing wishes, primarily used in the 'let's' and 'shall I' forms.
Level 5
-dir (resmî üslup)-dir in Formal Statements
The formal reporting suffix used for stating objective facts and official definitions.
Level 5
-diğini bilmekObject Clauses with -dik
The standard way to form object clauses (that-clauses) for past and present facts in Turkish.
Level 5
-ecek gibiLooks Like It Will
Expresses an imminent future event based on current observations ('looks like it will').
Level 5
-eceğini söylemekObject Clauses with -ecek
A complex construction used for indirect reported speech to indicate future intentions or predictions.
Level 5
-gi/-gıNouns from Verbs (-gi)
Learn how to form nouns from verbs using the -gi suffix to express abstract ideas and concrete objects.
Level 5
-ici/-ıcıAdjectives from Verbs (-ici)
Learn how to form adjectives and nouns from verbs to describe habitual agents or inherent qualities using the -ici suffix.
Level 5
-in (dönüşlü)Reflexive Verbs
An advanced grammatical voice where the subject acts upon themselves, often used for grooming and emotional states.
Level 5
-inti/-ıntıNouns from Verbs (-inti)
Learn how the -inti suffix derives nouns from verbs to describe results, remnants, or specific states.
Level 5
-iş (ad-fiil)Nouns of Manner with -iş
The -iş suffix creates verbal nouns that emphasize the 'way' or 'manner' an action is carried out, often translating to 'style of...' or 'way of...'.
Level 5
-iş (işteş)Reciprocal Verbs
Explains the reciprocal and cooperative voice suffix -(I)ş used for shared actions.
Level 5
-laştırmakVerbs of Making
Learn how to use the -laştırmak suffix to create 'verbs of making' from nouns and adjectives.
Level 5
-leşmek / -lenmekVerbs of Becoming
Learn how to turn nouns and adjectives into verbs using the transformative -leşmek and acquisitive -lenmek suffixes.
Level 5
-me (ad-fiil)Turning a Verb into a Noun with -me
Learn how to use the -me suffix to create specific verbal nouns that interact with possessive and case endings.
Level 5
-mek (ad-fiil)Turning a Verb into a Noun with -mek
Learn how to use the full infinitive -mek/-mak to name actions, express purpose with 'için', and form general subjects.
Level 5
-mek üzereAbout to and in Order to
A pattern used to describe immediate future actions ('about to') or formal intentions and conditions ('in order to').
Level 5
-mekleBy Doing
A verbal adverbial pattern used to indicate the means, cause, or accompaniment of an action, often meaning 'by doing' or 'along with doing'.
Level 5
-mektenseRather than
A comparative suffix used with verbs to mean 'rather than,' typically highlighting a preferred alternative to an undesirable action.
Level 5
-mesini istemekWanting Someone Else to Do Something
A nominalized object construction used to express desires involving a different subject.
Level 5
-miş gibiAs if
Expresses 'as if' or 'as though' for completed actions or states, often used for pretending or making comparisons.
Level 5
-sal/-selAdjectives with -sal
Learn how to form relational adjectives like 'scientific', 'social', and 'legal' using the modern Turkish suffix -sal/-sel.
Level 5
-se bile / -se deEven if
A grammar pattern used to express 'even if,' showing that an outcome remains the same regardless of a specific condition.
Level 5
-sene / -senizeFriendly Urging
A colloquial suffix used to urge or suggest actions with varying degrees of friendliness or impatience.
Level 5
-seydiIf Only It Had Been
Expresses past counterfactual 'if' conditions, often used for regrets or hypothetical past scenarios.
Level 5
-seydi ... -irdiUnreal Conditions
Expresses counterfactual or 'unreal' conditions in the present or past, often used for hypothetical scenarios and regrets.
Level 5
Double Causative
An advanced verbal construction used to express delegation through an intermediary, creating a 'chain of command' effect.
Level 5
Doubled Word Pairs
Learn how Turkish uses pairs of synonymous words to create emphasis and rhythmic descriptions.
Level 5
Idioms
Learn how to use figurative Turkish idioms, including their conjugation rules and case requirements.
Level 5
Inverted Word Order
The inverted sentence structure where the verb is not at the end, used for emphasis, emotion, and natural conversation.
Level 5
Proverbs
A study of Turkish proverbs, their linguistic structure, and their role as frozen units of cultural wisdom.
Level 5
The Order of Voice Suffixes
A guide to the morphological rules for stacking reflexive, reciprocal, causative, and passive suffixes in Turkish.
Level 5
The Plural of Respect
A formal grammatical feature where plural endings are used for a singular person to show honor, respect, or social distance.
Level 5
birbiriEach Other
A reciprocal pronoun used to express mutual actions, requiring a possessive suffix and taking case suffixes.
Level 5
gerek ... gerek(se)Both ... and (Formal)
A formal correlative conjunction used to express 'both ... and ...' in academic, legal, or professional contexts.
Level 5
ister ... isterWhether ... or
Expresses indifference or 'whether... or...' scenarios where the choice between alternatives does not affect the outcome.
Level 5
ne kadar ... -se deHowever Much
Expresses 'no matter how much' or 'however much' by combining ne kadar with the conditional suffix and the particle de/da.
Level 5
oysa / hâlbukiWhereas
Advanced contrastive conjunctions used to express 'whereas' or 'but in fact' when reality contradicts an assumption.
Level 5
üstelik / ayrıcaMoreover
Learn how to use 'üstelik' and 'ayrıca' to add information and emphasize points in Turkish.
Level 5

Level 6 (29)

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