द्वारा ... की गई + Noun
Long Descriptions Before a Noun
सरकार द्वारा शुरू की गई योजना means the scheme launched by the government.
How It Works
News and official Hindi often pack a whole description in front of a noun instead of using a जो clause. The phrase ends in a passive participle (the past form plus गया) and the noun comes last: सरकार द्वारा शुरू की गई योजना (the scheme launched by the government).
Read the chain from the end. Find the noun first, then the participle, then who did it (marked with द्वारा) and any other details.
| Part | Example |
|---|---|
| doer + द्वारा | सरकार द्वारा |
| details | पिछले साल |
| participle | शुरू की गई |
| noun | योजना |
The participle agrees with the noun it describes, never with the doer: किया गया काम, की गई घोषणा, किए गए वादे, बनाई गई सड़कें.
The doer is often left out when it is obvious or unknown: कल घोषित किए गए नतीजे (the results announced yesterday). Less formal writing puts the doer with का or की and drops गया: प्रेमचंद की लिखी कहानियाँ (stories Premchand wrote).
In speech, the same idea usually takes a जो clause: सरकार ने जो योजना शुरू की थी.
Examples (5)
- सरकार द्वारा शुरू की गई योजना से किसानों को फ़ायदा होगा।
Farmers will benefit from the scheme launched by the government.
की गई matches the feminine noun योजना.
- पुलिस द्वारा गिरफ़्तार किए गए तीनों आरोपियों को आज अदालत में पेश किया जाएगा।
The three suspects arrested by the police will be brought before the court today.
किए गए matches the masculine plural आरोपियों.
- मंत्रालय द्वारा जारी किए गए नए नियम अगले महीने से लागू होंगे।
The new rules issued by the ministry will take effect next month.
The whole phrase before नियम describes the rules.
- कल घोषित किए गए नतीजों में लड़कियों ने बाज़ी मारी।
Girls came out on top in the results announced yesterday.
No doer is named; the phrase starts with the time.
- प्रेमचंद की लिखी कहानियाँ आज भी पढ़ी जाती हैं।
The stories Premchand wrote are still read today.
Less formal writing uses की and the plain past form लिखी.
Common Mistakes
Leaving the participle in its masculine form before a feminine noun.
सरकार द्वारा शुरू किया गया योजनासरकार द्वारा शुरू की गई योजनायोजना is feminine, so the participle is की गई.
How It Connects
Learn This First
News Hindi folds a whole passive clause into a description before a noun.
- द्वाराBy an Agent in Formal Writing
Know द्वारा with the passive, which often opens these long descriptions.
Level 6 - -आ हुआResulting States
Know the past form used as a description, like टूटा हुआ गिलास, since the phrase ends in one.
Level 4 - जो ... वहRelative Clauses with जो
Know जो clauses, since each long description can be unpacked into one.
Level 3
Related Patterns
Words in This Pattern
Practice द्वारा ... की गई + Noun in Bubblegum
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