گیا / کیا / ہوا / لیا / دیا
Frequent Irregular Perfectives
Recognize گیا, کیا, ہوا, لیا and دیا in completed events.
How It Works
جانا gives گیا, گئی, گئے and گئیں. ہونا gives ہوا, ہوئی, ہوئے and ہوئیں. With their ordinary intransitive uses, the subject controls agreement.
For کرنا, compare کیا, کی, کیے and کیں; لینا has لیا, لی, لیے and لیں; دینا has دیا, دی, دیے and دیں. These forms contain stem changes that a regular ending rule alone cannot predict.
In a transitive perfective with نے, check the object. مریم نے ایک تصویر لی uses لی because تصویر is feminine, while مریم نے ایک ٹکٹ لیا uses masculine لیا. The same person can therefore occur with both forms.
Examples (6)
- بلال باہر گیا۔
Bilal went outside.
جانا has the masculine perfective گیا.
- مریم باہر گئی۔
Maryam went outside.
The feminine counterpart is گئی.
- آج بارش ہوئی۔
It rained today.
Feminine بارش selects ہوئی.
- ہم نے کام کیا۔
We did the work.
Unmarked masculine کام selects کیا.
- مریم نے ایک تصویر لی۔
Maryam took a picture.
Feminine تصویر selects لی.
- بلال نے مریم کو دو کتابیں دیں۔
Bilal gave Maryam two books.
Unmarked feminine plural کتابیں selects دیں; the recipient has کو.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Understand the function of a perfective form before learning irregular stems.
Related Patterns
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.
- نے + Completed Transitive VerbNe with a Completed Transitive ActionLevel 2
- بغیر + Perfective ParticipleWithout Doing an ActionLevel 3
- Perfective Participle + ہواDescribing a Resulting StateLevel 3
- Verb Stem + جاناA Change Reaching Its OutcomeLevel 3
- Masculine Singular Perfective Verb + کرناAn Established or Repeated PracticeLevel 5