Perfective Participle + ہوا
Describing a Resulting State
Read the phrase as a description of a noun.
How It Works
A transitive participle can describe the affected object. You do not need to name the writer to refer to لکھی ہوئی فہرست.
A participle from an intransitive verb can describe the state that its subject has reached. بیٹھی ہوئی عورت describes a seated woman, rather than the movement of sitting down.
The surrounding sentence gives the time: a resulting state can be described in the present or past. Do not confuse this noun description with a passive event formed with جانا.
Examples (4)
- لکھی ہوئی فہرست میز پر ہے۔
The written list is on the table.
Both words agree with feminine فہرست.
- ٹوٹا ہوا کھلونا ڈبے میں ہے۔
The broken toy is in the box.
The toy is described through its resulting state.
- بیٹھی ہوئی عورت اخبار پڑھ رہی ہے۔
The seated woman is reading a newspaper.
بیٹھی ہوئی describes her posture, while پڑھ رہی ہے gives the ongoing activity.
- ہم نے دھلے ہوئے کپڑے الماری میں رکھے۔
We put the washed clothes in the cupboard.
The describing phrase agrees with masculine plural کپڑے.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Recognize perfective forms, including irregular stems. Use the resulting description with the noun it modifies.
Related Patterns
- -تا / -تی / -تے ہواDescribing an Ongoing Action
Compare an action in progress.
Level 3 - Perfective Verb + ہے / ہیںA Completed Event Relevant Now
Compare a full perfect-tense statement.
Level 3 - Noun + جو + ClauseDescribing a Noun with a Relative Clause
Describe the noun with a relative clause instead.
Level 3
Words in This Pattern
Practice Perfective Participle + ہوا in Bubblegum
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