द्वारा

By an Agent in Formal Writing

Level 5Sounds Like dvārā

द्वारा names the doer in a passive sentence, in formal writing.

How It Works

In news and documents a passive sentence can name the doer with द्वारा. It is usually written joined to a plain noun: सरकारद्वारा, समितिद्वारा, नगरपालिकाद्वारा.

DoerWith द्वारा
सरकारसरकारद्वारा
समितिसमितिद्वारा
नगरपालिकानगरपालिकाद्वारा

The verb is passive: बनाइएको हो, गरिएको छ, गरिनेछ. In an active sentence you use ले instead, as in सरकारले यो भवन बनायो.

The word द्वारा also appears after a means or channel, as in पत्रद्वारा (by letter). People rarely use it in speech, where it sounds stiff.

Compare the two ways to name the doer. In speech: सरकारले यो भवन बनायो. In a notice: यो भवन सरकारद्वारा बनाइएको हो. The first is active and the second is passive, and the second keeps the doer in the background.

Examples (4)

  1. यो भवन सरकारद्वारा बनाइएको हो।

    This building was built by the government.

    सरकारद्वारा is the doer, and बनाइएको is passive.

  2. यो पुस्तक नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठानद्वारा प्रकाशित गरिएको हो।

    This book was published by the Nepal Academy.

    द्वारा joins the last word of the name: प्रतिष्ठानद्वारा.

  3. सूचना समितिद्वारा जारी गरिएको हो।

    The notice was issued by the committee.

    समितिद्वारा names the issuer.

  4. यो कार्यक्रम नगरपालिकाद्वारा आयोजना गरिनेछ।

    This program will be organized by the municipality.

    गरिनेछ is the formal passive future.

Common Mistakes

  • Writing द्वारा as a separate word.

    यो भवन सरकार द्वारा बनाइएको हो।
    यो भवन सरकारद्वारा बनाइएको हो।

    Careful print joins a one-word postposition to a plain noun.

How It Connects

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द्वाराLevel 5By an Agent in Formal Writing

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द्वारा marks an agent in formal writing.

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