-더

Okubonwayo, ukuqaphela

Izinga 4Kuzwakala kanje deo

-더 kuwuphawu lokubheka emuva. Kukhombisa ukuthi umkhulumeli ukhuluma ngokuthile akubona, akuzwa, noma akuzwa mathupha esikhathini esedlule.

Isebenza kanjani

-더- yisiphetho sangaphambi kokugcina esinezela ungqimba lencazelo ezitatimendeni zesikhathi esedlule. Umsebenzi waso oyinhloko ukukhombisa ukuthi ulwazi olwabelwanayo lusekelwe ekuhlangeneni nakho noma ekubukeni mathupha komkhulumeli. Kudlulisa umuzwa wokukhumbula noma wokuqaphela.

1. Ukuhlangana nakho mathupha vs. Isikhathi esedlule esilula
Ngenkathi isikhathi esedlule esijwayelekile sivele sisho iqiniso, -더- kugcizelela ukuthi umkhulumeli ukubonile.

Isikhathi esedlule esilula: 어제 날씨가 좋았어요. (Isimo sezulu besihle izolo.) - Isitatimende esingathathi hlangothi seqiniso.
Nge -더-: 어제 날씨가 좋더라. (Ngikhumbula ukuthi isimo sezulu besihle izolo.) - Kusho ukuthi umkhulumeli ubekhona futhi ukhumbula lokho akubonile mathupha.

2. Imikhawulo yesihloko
Isihloko somusho ongu -더- ngokuvamile akusiyena umkhulumeli (umuntu wokuqala 'mina').

Umuntu wesithathu (Yena/Bona): Kuphelele. Umkhulumeli ubuka omunye umuntu.
e.g., 지수 씨가 노래를 정말 잘하더라. (Ngibone ukuthi u-Jisu ucula kahle kakhulu.)
Umuntu wesibili (Wena): Kuvamile futhi, ikakhulukazi uma ukhumbula okuthile ngomuntu olalelayo.
e.g., 너 어제 정말 피곤해 보이더라. (Ubukeka ukhathele kakhulu izolo, ngikuqaphele.)
Umuntu wokuqala (Mina): Leli yicala elikhethekile. Lisetshenziswa uma umkhulumeli ecabanga ngesimo noma isenzo sakhe esedlule, ngokuvamile ngomuzwa wokumangala noma wokuqaphela okusha. Kufana nokuzibuka ukude.
e.g., 내가 어제 그렇게 많이 먹었더라. (Ngiyaqaphela manje ukuthi ngidle kakhulu izolo.)

3. Izinhlanganisela ezivamile
-더- liyisisekelo futhi cishe njalo lihlanganiswa nezinye iziphetho:

-더라 / -더라고(요): Isitatimende seqiniso elibonwayo. Ifomu lokuphela komusho elivame kakhulu.
e.g., 시험이 생각보다 어렵더라고요. (Ngithole ukuthi isivivinyo besinzima kunalokho ebengicabanga.)
-던: Ifomu eliguqula isibizo. Lichaza isibizo umkhulumeli asikhumbulayo esikhathini esedlule.
e.g., 제가 자주 가던 카페가 문을 닫았어요. (Ikhefi ebengivame ukuya kuyo ivaliwe.)
-더니: Ixhumanisa ukubuka kwesikhathi esedlule nomphumela olandelayo noma ukuqhathanisa.
e.g., 아침에는 날씨가 흐리더니 지금은 맑아졌네요. (Bekunamafu ekuseni, kodwa manje sekucacile.)
-던가(요)?: Kusetshenziswa ukubuza umbuzo mayelana nokuthile esikhathini esedlule umkhulumeli noma umuntu olalelayo angase akukhumbule.
e.g., 우리가 작년에 여기 왔던가요? (Sike seza lapha ngonyaka odlule? Ngizama ukukhumbula.)

Izibonelo (4)

어제 보니 민준 씨가 아주 열심히 공부하더라.
When I saw Minjun yesterday, he was studying very hard.
Igama ngegama: Yesterday when I saw, Minjun very diligently was studying.
Umkhulumeli ubika lokho akubonile mathupha ngezenzo zika-Minjun esebenzisa u -더라.
그 영화가 생각보다 재미있던데요.
That movie was more fun than I expected.
Igama ngegama: That movie than thought was fun.
Umkhulumeli wabelana ngolwazi lwakhe siqu nokuqaphela ngemuva kokubuka ifilimu. U -던데요 yifomu elihloniphekile elivamile lokuzwakalisa ukubuka okukhunjulwayo, ngokuvamile lapho wethula umbono ohlukile.
제가 어렸을 때 살던 집이 아직도 그대로예요.
The house I lived in when I was young is still the same.
Igama ngegama: I when was young lived-in house still is as-is.
Lapha, u -던 usetshenziselwa ukuguqula isibizo esithi 집 (indlu), okukhombisa indawo umkhulumeli akhumbula ukuhlala kuyo esikhathini esedlule.
아까는 배가 고프더니 지금은 괜찮아졌어요.
I was hungry a while ago, but now I'm okay.
Igama ngegama: A while ago stomach was hungry, but now became okay.
U -더니 uxhumanisa isimo somkhulumeli esibonwe esikhathini esedlule (ukuba nendlala) nesimo samanje esiphambanayo (ukuba kahle).

Amaphutha avamile

Ukusebenzisa u -더- ngolwazi oluzwakale kwabanye.
Incazelo ehlukile친구가 그 식당이 맛있더래요.
친구가 그 식당이 맛있대요.
U -더- owokuhlangenwe nakho mathupha komkhulumeli kuphela. Ukuze ubike lokho okushiwo omunye umuntu, kufanele usebenzise amafomu okucaphuna angaqondile afana no -대요 (isifinyezo sika -다고 해요).
Ukusebenzisa u -더- nesihloko somuntu wokuqala esenzweni esilula esedlule.
저는 어제 도서관에 가더라.
저는 어제 도서관에 갔어요.
Ukuze usho iqiniso elilula mayelana nezenzo zakho zesikhathi esedlule, isikhathi esedlule esijwayelekile -았/었어요 yisona esilungile. Ukusebenzisa u -더라 kuzwakala kungemvelo, sengathi uzibuka njengomuntu wesithathu. Kusebenzise kuphela esihlokweni somuntu wokuqala lapho uzwakalisa ukuqaphela okusha mayelana nesimo noma isenzo sakho esedlule (isb., 내가 그때 정말 긴장했더라 - Ngiyaqaphela manje ukuthi bengikhathazeke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi).