უ-...-ო (Without)

Without Something

Level 4Sounds Like u-...-o

უ- before a noun and -ო after it make a describing word that means without it.

How It Works

NounWithout
შაქარი (sugar)უშაქრო ყავა (coffee without sugar)
ძილი (sleep)უძილო ღამე (a sleepless night)
ფული (money)უფულო (without money)
ალკოჰოლი (alcohol)უალკოჰოლო სასმელი (a soft drink)

-იანი and უ-...-ო make many everyday pairs: შაქრიანი and უშაქრო (with and without sugar), ფულიანი (rich) and უფულო (without money).

To describe how something is done, add the adverb ending -დ: უფულოდ (without money), as in უფულოდ ვერსად წახვალ (you can't go anywhere without money).

For a whole phrase you can also use -ის გარეშე: შაქრის გარეშე (without sugar). უ-...-ო makes one describing word, so it fits right before a noun: უშაქრო ყავა.

Examples (4)

  1. უშაქრო ყავა, თუ შეიძლება.

    Coffee without sugar, please.

    შაქარი loses a vowel: უშაქრო.

  2. უალკოჰოლო სასმელები გაქვთ?

    Do you have any soft drinks?

    A describing word before the noun.

  3. უძილო ღამე გავატარე.

    I had a sleepless night.

    ძილი becomes უძილო.

  4. უფულოდ ვერსად წახვალ.

    You can't go anywhere without money.

    With -დ, it says how.

Common Mistakes

  • Keeping the vowel that drops.

    უშაქარო ყავა
    უშაქრო ყავა

    შაქარი loses its second ა here, as with -იანი.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

უ-...-ო (Without)Level 4Without Something

Learn This First

უ-...-ო means without something.

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Patterns that build on this one.

Words in This Pattern

-დ