-द्वारे / -मार्फत

Through or by Means of

Level 5Sounds Like dvārē / -mārphata

Both join the noun, after the noun takes its -ा or -े form. A few borrowed words, such as ईमेल, join without a change.

How It Works

Join -द्वारे or -मार्फत to the noun. अर्ज ईमेलद्वारे पाठवावा. (The application should be sent by email.)

Channel or go-betweenWith the ending
ईमेलईमेलद्वारे
संकेतस्थळसंकेतस्थळाद्वारे
शाळाशाळेमार्फत
बँकबँकेमार्फत
मित्रमित्रामार्फत

The noun takes its oblique form before the ending, as before -त or -ला: संकेतस्थळ becomes संकेतस्थळाद्वारे, and शाळा becomes शाळेमार्फत. A few borrowed words, such as ईमेल, join without a change.

In news and notices, these endings fill the "by" slot of the passive: निकाल संकेतस्थळाद्वारे जाहीर करण्यात आला. (The result was announced through the website.)

An advertisement may say: ऑनलाइन अर्जाद्वारे प्रवेश घेता येईल. (Admission can be taken through an online application.) Choose -मार्फत when a person or an office hands it on.

Both endings stay the same for every gender and number. They never agree with the noun that follows.

In plain talk, -ने does the job for a channel: आम्ही ईमेलने अर्ज पाठवला. (We sent the application by email.) -मार्फत suits an office or a person in between.

Examples (5)

  1. अर्ज ईमेलद्वारे पाठवावा.

    The application should be sent by email.

    -द्वारे names the channel.

  2. शुल्क बँकेमार्फत भरता येईल.

    The fee can be paid through the bank.

    -मार्फत names the office that takes the payment.

  3. निकाल संकेतस्थळाद्वारे जाहीर करण्यात आला.

    The result was announced through the website.

    -द्वारे follows संकेतस्थळा.

  4. विद्यार्थ्यांना शाळेमार्फत पुस्तके देण्यात आली.

    Books were given to the students through the school.

    -मार्फत names the school as the go-between.

  5. आम्ही मित्रामार्फत घर शोधले.

    We found a house through a friend.

    -मार्फत names the person who helped.

Common Mistakes

  • Writing the ending as a separate word.

    अर्ज ईमेल द्वारे पाठवावा.
    अर्ज ईमेलद्वारे पाठवावा.

    -द्वारे joins the noun.

  • Leaving the noun in its base form.

    निकाल संकेतस्थळद्वारे जाहीर करण्यात आला.
    निकाल संकेतस्थळाद्वारे जाहीर करण्यात आला.

    संकेतस्थळ takes -ा before -द्वारे.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

-द्वारे / -मार्फतLevel 5Through or by Means of

Learn This First

Through and by means of mark who or what carried out an action.

Words in This Pattern

द्वारे