Clauses and Noun Phrases as Concessions

Level 6

با اینکه سارا خسته بود، کار کرد. ↔ با وجودِ خستگی، سارا کار کرد. in the stated same-person context.

How It Works

Read the full clause. با اینکه سارا خسته بود، کار کرد names Sara and locates her tiredness in the past. The main clause also concerns Sara in this context, but the construction itself does not require identical subjects.

Read the noun package. با وجودِ خستگی، سارا کار کرد names tiredness as the obstacle. The passage supplies whose tiredness it is. خستگی is an established noun; it does not carry a finite third-person or past ending.

Retain an explicit participant. با وجودِ بیماریِ سارا، جلسه برگزار شد identifies Sara as the person ill, while the meeting is the main event. Illness and holding the meeting have different participants. Do not assign the illness to the meeting.

Check what a rewrite loses. Changing a detailed clause to a short noun phrase may remove a time contrast or an explicit negation. Keep that information elsewhere if it matters. More compact prose is not automatically more precise.

Examples (4)

  1. با اینکه سارا خسته بود، کار کرد.

    Although Sara was tired, she worked.

  2. با وجودِ خستگی، سارا کار کرد.

    Despite her tiredness, Sara worked.

    The same-person context supplies whose tiredness is meant.

  3. با وجودِ بیماریِ سارا، جلسه برگزار شد.

    Despite Sara’s illness, the meeting was held.

  4. با اینکه سارا بیمار بود، جلسه برگزار شد.

    Although Sara was ill, the meeting was held.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

Clauses and Noun Phrases as ConcessionsLevel 6

Learn This First

Recognize the factual concession. Distinguish a noun naming a quality from a finite predicate. Track the nominal obstacle and any participant complement.