-शिवाय / -विना
Without
Nouns take the form they have before an ending, so साखर becomes साखरे- and मी becomes माझ्या-.
How It Works
-शिवाय has two meanings: "without" (चहा साखरेशिवाय) and "except" (रविवाराशिवाय रोज). The word joins the noun, and the noun takes the shape it has before an ending.
| Word | With -शिवाय |
|---|---|
| साखर | साखरेशिवाय |
| चष्मा | चष्म्याशिवाय |
| मी | माझ्याशिवाय |
| तू | तुझ्याशिवाय |
| ती | तिच्याशिवाय |
| तुम्ही | तुमच्याशिवाय |
-विना is used in the same way and sounds more formal: ओळखपत्राविना (without ID). You will see it on signs and in notices.
Do not leave a space before -शिवाय. It is part of the word: तिच्याशिवाय, never तिच्या शिवाय.
The pattern also works with a short phrase: पावसाशिवाय शेती होत नाही. (Farming is not possible without rain.) The neutral order puts the noun first and the verb last. Other orders are possible for emphasis. To say "without doing something", use -ल्याशिवाय, which follows a verb.
Examples (5)
- साखरेशिवाय चहा मला आवडत नाही.
I don't like tea without sugar.
साखरेशिवाय means without sugar.
- तिच्याशिवाय मी जाणार नाही.
I won't go without her.
तिच्या- is the pronoun shape before -शिवाय.
- रविवाराशिवाय रोज दुकान उघडे असते.
The shop is open every day except Sunday.
Here -शिवाय means except.
- ओळखपत्राविना आत जाता येत नाही.
You can't go in without ID.
-विना is the formal word for without.
- चष्म्याशिवाय आजी वाचू शकत नाहीत.
Grandmother can't read without glasses.
चष्मा becomes चष्म्या- before -शिवाय.
Common Mistakes
Using the plain noun without its ending shape.
साखरशिवाय चहा आवडत नाही.साखरेशिवाय चहा आवडत नाही.The noun changes shape before the ending: साखर becomes साखरे-.
Writing -शिवाय as a separate word.
माझ्या शिवाय ती जाणार नाही.माझ्याशिवाय ती जाणार नाही.The ending joins the pronoun.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Without attaches to the oblique form.
Related Patterns
- -ल्याशिवायNot Without Doing
The same word after a verb means unless something happens first.
Level 4 - माझ्यासाठी / तुझ्याबरोबर / त्याच्याशीPronouns Before Joined Words
This entry shows the same pronoun shapes.
Level 2 - फक्तOnly
This word means only.
Level 2 - -ल्यावाचूनWithout Doing in Literary Prose
This is a literary word for without.
Level 6
Words in This Pattern
Practice -शिवाय / -विना in Bubblegum
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