Relative кој / која / кое / кои
Relative Clauses with Кој
To add who or which after a noun, use кој, која, кое or кои to match that noun: Жената која зборува е наставничка. (The woman who is speaking is a teacher.)
How It Works
A relative clause describes a noun, like English the woman who is speaking or the book that I am reading. Macedonian can open it with a form of кој, the same word used in questions (see кој; која; кое; кои во прашање).
Pick the form from the noun it describes:
- кој — masculine: човекот кој живее тука (the man who lives here)
- која — feminine: жената која зборува (the woman who is speaking)
- кое — neuter: детето кое плаче (the child who is crying)
- кои — plural, all genders: луѓето кои работат тука (the people who work here)
It is used for people, animals and things alike: автобусот кој оди во центарот (the bus that goes to the centre). The verb inside the clause takes its own subject: in жената која зборува the woman is the one speaking, while in книгата која ја читам I am the one reading.
When it is the object: if the relative word stands for the thing acted on, a short object pronoun repeats it right before the verb: Книгата која ја читам е интересна. · Филмовите кои ги гледав беа долги. This is the same doubling that definite objects get (see удвојување на определен објект).
Longer forms: in writing you will often see којшто, којашто, коешто, коишто. They mean the same thing and are fully standard.
Што as an alternative: in everyday speech the unchanging word што is even more common: жената што зборува. It works the same way, including the short pronoun for objects (see што во односни реченици). After a preposition, see со кого; за кој; на кого.
Extra information: when the clause only adds a detail about someone already identified, it is set off with commas: Мојот брат, кој живее во Охрид, е лекар.
Examples (6)
- Жената која зборува е наставничка.
The woman who is speaking is a teacher.
Word by Word: Woman-the who speaks is teacher.
- Филмовите кои ги гледав беа долги.
The films I watched were long.
Word by Word: Films-the which them I-watched were long.
Кои is the object of гледав, so the short pronoun ги repeats it before the verb.
- Книгата која ја читам е многу интересна.
The book I am reading is very interesting.
Word by Word: Book-the which it I-read is very interesting.
- Детето кое плаче е моето внуче.
The child who is crying is my grandchild.
Word by Word: Child-the which cries is my grandchild.
- Го познаваш ли човекот кој живее до нас?
Do you know the man who lives next door to us?
Word by Word: Him you-know whether man-the who lives next-to us?
- Мојот брат, кој живее во Охрид, е лекар.
My brother, who lives in Ohrid, is a doctor.
Word by Word: My-the brother, who lives in Ohrid, is doctor.
The commas show that the clause only adds information about a brother already identified.
Common Mistakes
Using кој with a feminine noun.
Жената кој зборува е наставничка.Жената која зборува е наставничка.The relative word agrees with the noun it describes. Жената is feminine, so it takes која.
Leaving out the short pronoun when the relative word is the object.
Книгата која читам е интересна.Книгата која ја читам е интересна.Која is the thing being read, so ја must stand before читам. The short pronoun matches the noun: ја for книгата, ги for филмовите.
Using the singular form after a plural noun.
Студентите кој учат македонски се од Италија.Студентите кои учат македонски се од Италија.Студентите is plural, so the relative word is кои, whatever the gender.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Relative кој follows relative што and question кој.
Related Patterns
- со кого / за кој / на когоRelatives After Prepositions
After a preposition the relative word takes these forms, as in куќата во која живеам.
Level 3 - Doubling a Definite Object
A relative word that is the object is doubled by a short pronoun, just like a definite object.
Level 2 - Relative чијRelative Clauses with Чиј
Чиј is the relative word for whose.
Level 4 - Relative каде што / когаRelative Place and Time
Каде што and кога describe a place or a time in the same way.
Level 4