The Perfect: Apparently
The perfect tells about something you did not see happen: ნინოს წერილი დაუწერია (Nino has apparently written a letter).
How It Works
The perfect tells about something the speaker did not see happen. You see the result, or someone told you. English adds apparently, or uses has done:
- ვიღაცას ჩემი ყავა დაულევია! (Someone has drunk my coffee!) The cup is empty.
- ამბობენ, რომ გიორგის ახალი სახლი უყიდია. (They say Giorgi has bought a new house.)
News and stories use it for events the teller only heard about.
The doer of a doing verb is in the dative (-ს), and the object is in the nominative:
| Doer | Wrote | Saw | Did |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | დამიწერია | მინახავს | გამიკეთებია |
| you | დაგიწერია | გინახავს | გაგიკეთებია |
| he, she | დაუწერია | უნახავს | გაუკეთებია |
| they | დაუწერიათ | უნახავთ | გაუკეთებიათ |
The preverb stays, as in the future and the past. Verbs whose future ends in -ებს take -ებია (გაუკეთებია), and many verbs in -ავს keep it (უნახავს). Learn each verb's perfect with the verb.
The perfect also says have done or have never done, which the next topics show.
Examples (5)
- ნინოს წერილი დაუწერია.
Nino has apparently written a letter.
ნინოს is in the dative; წერილი is nominative.
- ვიღაცას ჩემი ყავა დაულევია!
Someone has drunk my coffee!
You see the empty cup, not the drinking.
- ბავშვებს მთელი ნამცხვარი შეუჭამიათ.
The children have eaten the whole cake.
-თ at the end for they.
- ამბობენ, რომ გიორგის ახალი სახლი უყიდია.
They say Giorgi has bought a new house.
Something people told you.
- ვიღაცას კარი ღია დაუტოვებია.
Someone has left the door open.
დაუტოვებია, from დატოვებს.
Common Mistakes
Putting the object in the dative.
ნინოს წერილს დაუწერია.ნინოს წერილი დაუწერია.In the perfect, the object is in the nominative: წერილი.
How It Connects
Learn This First
The perfect is a new past for what you did not see yourself.
Related Patterns
- The Doer in the Dative
Why the doer is in the dative.
Level 5 - Seen or Heard About
When to use the past or the perfect.
Level 5 - თურმეApparently
Apparently, often with the perfect.
Level 5 - მითქვამს (I Have Said)I Have Said
The person markers of the perfect.
Level 5 - მოსულაHas Apparently Come
The perfect of coming and going.
Level 5
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.
Practice The Perfect: Apparently in Bubblegum
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