-(으)시-

Honorific Marker

स्तर 3उच्चारण si

-시- is a special marker inserted into verbs and adjectives to show respect or honor towards the person performing the action (the subject of the sentence).

यो कसरी काम गर्छ

In Korean, showing respect is a crucial part of the language. The infix -시- is the primary way to make a verb or adjective honorific. It specifically honors the subject of the sentence, not necessarily the person you are talking to.

Conjugation Rules:
1. Stem ends in a vowel: Add -시-

  • 가다 (to go) → 가 + 시 → 가시-
  • 오다 (to come) → 오 + 시 → 오시-

2. Stem ends in a consonant: Add -으시-

  • 읽다 (to read) → 읽 + 으시 → 읽으시-
  • 앉다 (to sit) → 앉 + 으시 → 앉으시-

3. Stem ends in ㄹ: The ㄹ is dropped, and -시- is added.

  • 만들다 (to make) → 만드 + 시 → 만드시-
  • 살다 (to live) → 사 + 시 → 사시-

This honorific stem then combines with various sentence endings. The most common combination is with the polite -요 ending, which creates the familiar -세요/-으세요 form.

Examples with different endings:

  • Present Tense (Polite): 가시다 + -어요 → 가세요 (He/She goes.)
  • Present Tense (Formal): 읽으시다 + -ㅂ니다 → 읽으십니다 (He/She reads.)
  • Past Tense: 오시다 + -았어요 → 오셨어요 (He/She came.)

It's important to use honorifics consistently. When using -시-, you should also use the honorific subject particle -께서 instead of -이/가, and the particle -께 instead of -에게/한테.

Some verbs have special honorific counterparts that are used instead of adding -시-. For example:

  • 먹다 (to eat) → 드시다 / 잡수시다
  • 자다 (to sleep) → 주무시다
  • 있다 (to be/have) → 계시다

उदाहरणहरू (5)

  1. 선생님께서 교실에 가세요.

    The teacher is going to the classroom.

    शब्द-शब्द अर्थ: Teacher (hon.) classroom-to go (hon.).

    가다 (vowel stem) + -시- + -어요 becomes 가세요 to show respect for the teacher.

  2. 할아버지께서 신문을 읽으십니다.

    Grandfather reads the newspaper.

    शब्द-शब्द अर्थ: Grandfather (hon.) newspaper-object read (hon./formal).

    읽다 (consonant stem) + -으시- + -ㅂ니다 becomes 읽으십니다 to honor the grandfather in a formal context.

  3. 사장님은 어제 출장을 가셨어요.

    The CEO went on a business trip yesterday.

    शब्द-शब्द अर्थ: CEO-topic yesterday business trip-object went (hon.).

    The past tense is formed by adding -았/었- to the honorific stem: 가시- + -었어요 → 가셨어요.

  4. 어머니께서 맛있는 케이크를 만드셨어요.

    Mother made a delicious cake.

    शब्द-शब्द अर्थ: Mother (hon.) delicious cake-object made (hon.).

    For verbs ending in ㄹ like 만들다, the ㄹ is dropped before adding -시-: 만들다 → 만드시- → 만드셨어요.

  5. 부모님은 항상 바쁘세요.

    My parents are always busy.

    शब्द-शब्द अर्थ: Parents-topic always are busy (hon.).

    -시- can also be attached to adjectives like 바쁘다 (to be busy) to show respect for the subject (parents).

सामान्य गल्तीहरू

  • Using -시- to refer to oneself.

    제가 내일 회사에 가십니다.
    제가 내일 회사에 갑니다.

    The honorific marker -시- is used to elevate others, never yourself. Using it to talk about your own actions is incorrect and can sound arrogant.

  • Confusing subject honorifics (-시-) with listener politeness (-요).

    फरक अर्थ내 친구가 지금 책을 읽으세요.
    내 친구가 지금 책을 읽어요.

    -시- honors the subject of the verb (the person doing the action). If the subject is your friend (an equal), you should not use -시-, even if you are speaking politely to someone else (like a teacher) using the -요 ending.

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-시-
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