Commas Around Detached Phrases

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A phrase that adds extra information after a word in the middle of a sentence gets commas on both sides: Писмото, изпратено вчера, пристигна днес. (The letter, sent yesterday, arrived today.)

How It Works

1. Where the commas go. At the start of a sentence, a comma follows the phrase. In the middle, commas go on both sides. At the end, a comma goes before it.

2. What counts as detached.

  • A participle or adjective phrase after its noun: Децата, родени извън брака, имат равни права. See причастни обороти.
  • The same kind of phrase at the start, describing the subject: Изморена от пътя, тя заспа веднага.
  • An apposition that renames a noun: Иван, новият ни колега, се справя добре.
  • An adverbial participle phrase: Мислейки за изпита, не забелязах кога стигнах. See деепричастни обороти.
  • A clarification of place or time: А долу, в долината, се стелеше мъгла.
  • A phrase introduced by като, т.е., сиреч, макар и or или meaning "that is": Някои страни, като България и Гърция, подкрепиха предложението.

3. No commas inside the noun phrase. When the participle stands right before its noun, as part of the noun phrase, it is an ordinary modifier: Изпратеното вчера писмо пристигна днес. A phrase at the start of the sentence is different. It is detached even when a noun follows: Изморена от пътя, Мария заспа веднага.

4. After и, а, но. An unstressed one-syllable conjunction is not separated from a detached phrase that follows it: И уверен в себе си, той отказа помощта.

5. Dashes and brackets. For stronger emphasis, a dash or brackets can replace the commas. Commas around whole clauses are covered in запетая пред подчинени изречения.

Examples (6)

  1. Писмото, изпратено вчера, пристигна днес.

    The letter, sent yesterday, arrived today.

    A participle phrase after the noun: commas on both sides.

  2. Изпратеното вчера писмо пристигна днес.

    The letter sent yesterday arrived today.

    The same participle before the noun: no commas.

  3. Иван, новият ни колега, се справя добре.

    Ivan, our new colleague, is doing well.

  4. Изморена от пътя, тя заспа веднага.

    Tired from the journey, she fell asleep at once.

  5. Мислейки за изпита, не забелязах кога стигнах.

    Thinking about the exam, I didn't notice when I arrived.

  6. Някои страни, като България и Гърция, подкрепиха предложението.

    Some countries, such as Bulgaria and Greece, supported the proposal.

Common Mistakes

  • Leaving out the closing comma.

    Писмото, изпратено вчера пристигна днес.
    Писмото, изпратено вчера, пристигна днес.

    A detached phrase in the middle of a sentence is closed off on both sides.

  • Putting a comma between и and the detached phrase.

    И, уверен в себе си, той отказа помощта.
    И уверен в себе си, той отказа помощта.

    An unstressed one-syllable conjunction such as и, а or но is not separated from a detached phrase right after it.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

Commas Around Detached PhrasesLevel 6

Learn This First

Commas around detached phrases need those phrases.