-았/었/였-
Past Tense
-았/었/였- is the basic past tense marker. It's added to verb and adjective stems to show that an action or state is finished.
Як гэта працуе
This is the fundamental way to express the past tense in Korean, similar to adding '-ed' to verbs in English. It attaches directly to the verb or adjective stem before the final sentence ending (like -요 or -ㅂ/습니다).
The form you use depends on the last vowel of the stem:
- Stems ending in ㅏ or ㅗ use -았-
가다 (to go) → 가 + -았- → 갔-
보다 (to see) → 보 + -았- → 봤- - Stems ending in any other vowel use -었-
먹다 (to eat) → 먹 + -었- → 먹었-
읽다 (to read) → 읽 + -었- → 읽었- - Stems ending in 하다 use -였- (which becomes 했다)
공부하다 (to study) → 공부하 + -였- → 공부했-
일하다 (to work) → 일하 + -였- → 일했-
After attaching the past tense marker, you add a sentence ending. For example:
먹었- + -어요 → 먹었어요. (I ate.)
갔- + -습니다 → 갔습니다. (I went. / formal)
Note: Many verbs have irregular conjugations in the past tense, but the basic rules above cover the majority of cases.
Прыклады (5)
- 어제 영화를 봤어요.
I watched a movie yesterday.
Слова за словам: Yesterday movie watched.
- 점심을 먹었어요.
I ate lunch.
Слова за словам: Lunch ate.
- 주말에 공부했어요.
I studied on the weekend.
Слова за словам: Weekend on studied.
- 작년에는 학생이었어요.
Last year, I was a student.
Слова за словам: Last year in student was.
For nouns, the past tense of 이다 is used. It becomes 이었어요 after a consonant and 였어요 after a vowel.
- 날씨가 아주 좋았어요.
The weather was very good.
Слова за словам: Weather very was good.
Тыповыя памылкі
Using the wrong vowel harmony rule.
어제 친구를 보었어요.어제 친구를 봤어요.The verb stem of 보다 ends in the vowel ㅗ. Therefore, it must be followed by -았-, not -었-. 보 + 았어요 contracts to 봤어요.
Forgetting to contract 하다 verbs to 했다.
Іншае значэнне어제 운동하였어요.어제 운동했어요.While '운동하였어요' is grammatically correct, it sounds very formal or archaic. In modern spoken and written Korean, 하다 verbs are always contracted to 했다 in the past tense (e.g., 했어요, 했습니다).
Як гэта звязана
Спачатку вывучыце гэта
Звязаныя канструкцыі
- Дзеяслоўныя асновы
-았/었/였- attaches directly to the verb stem. Understanding how to find the stem is the first step to conjugation.
Асновы - -(으)ㄹ 거(예요/야)Will, probably
This is the future tense marker. It's useful to learn both past (-았/었/였-) and future (-ㄹ 거예요) tenses together to understand how to talk about different points in time.
Узровень 3 - -요Politeness Marker
After attaching the past tense marker, you need a sentence ending. -요 is the most common polite ending used in everyday conversation (e.g., 먹었어요, 갔어요).
Асновы - Няправільныя дзеяслоўныя мадэлі
While the rules for -았/었/였- are regular for most verbs, many common verbs are irregular (like 듣다 → 들었어요). It's important to be aware of these irregular patterns.
Узровень 1
Што вучыць далей
Канструкцыі, якія будуюцца на гэтай.
- -았/었던Узровень 3
- -았/었으면 좋겠다Хацелася б, спадзяюсяУзровень 3
- -았/었을 것Узровень 3
- -ㄴ/는/ㄹ 뻔했다Almost, nearlyУзровень 4
- -ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 몰랐다I didn’t know that…, I had no idea that…Узровень 4
- -ㄴ/는/ㄹ 줄 알았다I Thought That…, I Assumed That…Узровень 4
- -아/어 봤자Even If You DoУзровень 4
- -았/었더니When I Did, After DoingУзровень 4
І яшчэ 2 у поўным спісе.