wedi'i + Verb-Noun
Done: Wedi'i + Verb-Noun
Mae'r drws wedi'i gloi means The door is locked. Welsh has no everyday -ed word like "locked"; it says the door is "after its locking".
How It Works
How it works. Welsh has no everyday past participle like English "broken" or "written". Instead it says the thing is "after its breaking": wedi + possessive + verb-noun. After wedi, ei shortens to 'i and eu to 'u.
Match the possessive to the noun.
- masculine singular: wedi'i + soft mutation — Mae'r drws wedi'i gloi (cloi → gloi)
- feminine singular: wedi'i + aspirate mutation of c, p, t, and h before a vowel — ffenestr wedi'i thorri (torri → thorri), Mae'r siop wedi'i hagor (agor → hagor)
- plural: wedi'u, with h before a vowel but no other change — tatws wedi'u berwi, llyfrau wedi'u hysgrifennu
- people: Dw i wedi fy synnu (I'm surprised)
These are the usual changes after ei (his), ei (her) and eu (their).
Two uses. After bod it describes a state: Mae'r gwaith wedi'i orffen (The work is finished). Straight after a noun it works like an adjective: bara wedi'i dostio (toasted bread), llythyr wedi'i agor (an opened letter). On labels you will see Wedi'i wneud yng Nghymru (Made in Wales).
State, not action. Compare Mae hi wedi torri'r ffenestr (She has broken the window: an action; see Have Done: Bod + Wedi) with Mae'r ffenestr wedi'i thorri (The window is broken: the result). To say that something happened to something, use the cael passive: Cafodd y ffenestr ei thorri (The window was broken).
Not done. Put heb in place of wedi: llythyr heb ei agor (an unopened letter). See Haven't Done: Heb + Verb-Noun.
In speech the 'i is often hard to hear, but the mutation stays and shows that it is there: wedi'i gloi sounds like "wedi gloi".
Examples (6)
- Hoffwn i fara wedi'i dostio, os gwelwch yn dda.
I'd like toast, please.
Literally "bread after its toasting". Bara is masculine, so tostio softens to dostio.
- Mae'r ffenestr wedi'i thorri.
The window is broken.
Ffenestr is feminine, so torri takes aspirate mutation: thorri.
- Mae'r siop wedi'i chau am y dydd.
The shop is closed for the day.
Siop is feminine: cau becomes chau.
- Dyma lyfrau wedi'u hysgrifennu yn Gymraeg.
Here are books written in Welsh.
Plural: wedi'u, with h before the vowel.
- Wedi'i wneud yng Nghymru.
Made in Wales.
- Mae'r gwaith wedi'i orffen.
The work is finished.
Gwaith is masculine: gorffen softens to orffen.
Common Mistakes
Using 'i with a plural noun.
Mae'r llyfrau wedi'i ysgrifennu yn Gymraeg.Mae'r llyfrau wedi'u hysgrifennu yn Gymraeg.The possessive agrees with the noun it describes. Llyfrau is plural, so use 'u (their), which adds h before a vowel.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Wedi'i + verb-noun describes a completed state with an agreeing possessive.
- bod + wedi + Verb-NounHave Done: Bod + Wedi
Wedi gives the completed meaning.
Level 2 - cael + Possessive + Verb-Noun (Passive)The Passive with Cael
The possessive agrees with the thing affected, as in the cael passive.
Level 4 - Short Possessives 'm / 'i / 'n / 'wShort Possessives After Vowels
Wedi'i contains the short possessive 'i after a vowel.
Level 4
Related Patterns
- ei 'his' + Soft MutationHis: Ei + Soft Mutation
A masculine noun takes 'i + soft mutation.
Level 2 - ei 'her' + Aspirate MutationHer: Ei + Aspirate Mutation
A feminine noun takes 'i + aspirate mutation.
Level 2 - heb + Verb-NounHaven't Done: Heb + Verb-Noun
Heb ei + verb-noun means not yet done.
Level 4 - -adwy / -edigAdjectives in -adwy and -edig (Formal)
Formal Welsh also has a few adjectives in -edig, such as ysgrifenedig (written).
Level 6
Words in This Pattern
Practice wedi'i + Verb-Noun in Bubblegum
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