prin urmare / în consecință / așadar

Formal Results

Level 5

Prin urmare, în consecință, and așadar help organize logical results in careful writing and speech. Deci is also standard in formal argument.

How It Works

Logical results
Prin urmare, în consecință, and așadar introduce a consequence or conclusion. They can help organize an argument in careful writing and speech.

Nuance
Prin urmare commonly presents an inference; în consecință often names a consequence; așadar can introduce or summarize a conclusion. These uses overlap rather than assigning one connector exclusively to a legal or physical outcome.

Punctuation
Commas can set off a detached connector: Vom proceda, așadar, la vot. Punctuation depends on the connector’s integration into the clause; it is not a universal rule that every occurrence must be followed by a comma. A semicolon is useful between the linked clauses in the examples below.

Deci
Deci is also standard in logical and academic writing. It is not an error simply because the text is formal. Repeating any connector unnecessarily can make prose awkward.

Examples (4)

  1. Cifrele nu se confirmă; prin urmare, propunerea va fi respinsă.

    The figures are not confirmed; therefore, the proposal will be rejected.

    Word by Word: Figures-the not themselves confirm; through following, proposal-the will be rejected.

    Uses 'prin urmare' to show a logical deduction based on the lack of confirmation.

  2. Inculpatul a încălcat termenii; în consecință, a fost rearestat.

    The defendant violated the terms; consequently, he was re-arrested.

    Word by Word: Defendant-the has violated terms-the; in consequence, has been re-arrested.

    'În consecință' is used here because the re-arrest is a formal, legal result of the violation.

  3. Așadar, concluzia studiului este că poluarea a scăzut.

    Thus, the conclusion of the study is that pollution has decreased.

    Word by Word: So, conclusion-the study-of-the is that pollution-the has decreased.

    'Așadar' is used at the start of the sentence to summarize the final result of the study.

  4. Nu avem fonduri suficiente, prin urmare trebuie să amânăm proiectul.

    We do not have sufficient funds, therefore we must postpone the project.

    Word by Word: Not have-we funds sufficient, through following must-we to postpone-we project-the.

    A standard use of 'prin urmare' to link a cause (lack of funds) to a result (postponement).

Common Mistakes

  • Splitting așadar when it means “therefore”.

    Așa dar, vom pleca mâine.
    Așadar, vom pleca mâine.

    The conclusion marker așadar is written as one word.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

prin urmare / în consecință / așadarLevel 5Formal Results

Learn This First

Distinguish a stated reason from the conclusion introduced by a result connector.

Words in This Pattern

prin urmareurmareașadarconsecință