pada gilirannya
In Turn
pada gilirannya = "in turn" or "consequently" (in a chain reaction). Used in formal writing to show how Event A leads to Event B, which then causes Event C.
How It Works
The expression pada gilirannya is a fixed prepositional phrase consisting of pada (at/on), giliran (turn), and the -nya suffix (its).
Key characteristics include:
- Causal Chain: This lesson focuses on successive consequences. The phrase also has the literal sense at its/his/her turn; it is not universally restricted to causal chains.
- Formal Register: This is a high-level academic and professional marker. You will find it in news reports, legal documents, and economic analyses, and it can also give a deliberate analytical tone to conversation.
- Syntactic Placement: It often appears after the relative pronoun yang (e.g., ..., yang pada gilirannya...) or at the start of a new clause to transition to the consequence.
The suffix -nya is mandatory because it refers back to the specific situation or subject that has just occurred in the sequence.
Examples (3)
- Kenaikan harga bahan bakar akan meningkatkan biaya transportasi, yang pada gilirannya akan memicu inflasi.
An increase in fuel prices will raise transportation costs, which in turn will trigger inflation.
Word by Word: Increase price material fuel will increase cost transportation, which at turn-its will trigger inflation.
This shows a classic economic chain reaction where one event (fuel price) leads to a second (transport costs), which 'in its turn' causes a third (inflation).
- Kurangnya akses pendidikan menghambat peluang kerja, dan pada gilirannya, memperdalam jurang kemiskinan.
Lack of access to education hinders job opportunities, and in turn, deepens the poverty gap.
Word by Word: Lack-its access education hinder opportunity work, and at turn-its, deepen gap poverty.
Here, the phrase links the social consequence of unemployment back to the initial lack of education.
- Polusi udara merusak ekosistem yang pada gilirannya mengancam kesehatan manusia.
Air pollution damages the ecosystem which in turn threatens human health.
Word by Word: Pollution air damage ecosystem which at turn-its threaten health human.
The phrase is used here to show the systemic link between environmental damage and public health.
Common Mistakes
Adding yang without a suitable relative-clause structure.
Saya lapar, yang pada gilirannya saya makan.Saya lapar, jadi saya makan.Yang cannot simply introduce an unrelated subject-predicate clause here. Saya lapar, jadi saya makan states the intended cause and result. The problem is the clause structure, not a universal ban on pada gilirannya in conversation.
Omitting the mandatory '-nya' suffix.
Hal ini pada giliran akan membantu kita.Hal ini pada gilirannya akan membantu kita.In this specific logical function, the suffix '-nya' is required to link the 'turn' to the preceding context.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To understand 'pada gilirannya', you need to be familiar with the preposition 'pada' and how the suffix '-nya' functions to create the meaning 'in its turn'. Conceptually, it builds on simpler result markers like 'jadi' to describe a chain of events where one consequence leads to another.
- -nyaThird-person Suffix -nya
The phrase 'pada gilirannya' uses the third-person possessive suffix '-nya' attached to the noun 'giliran' (turn) to mean 'its turn'.
Level 1 - diLocation with Di
Understanding the preposition 'pada' (used for time or abstract locations) is built upon the basic locative prepositional system established by 'di'.
Level 1 - jadiResult or Transition with Jadi
This pattern functions as a logical connector for consequences, similar to 'jadi' but at a more advanced level of downstream causality.
Level 1
Related Patterns
- oleh karena ituTherefore with Oleh Karena Itu
Both are formal connectors, but 'oleh karena itu' is a general 'therefore,' while 'pada gilirannya' specifically emphasizes a step-by-step chain reaction.
Level 4 - sehinggaResult with Sehingga
Sehingga links a result clause, while the discourse use of pada gilirannya highlights a further step in the sequence.
Level 2 - makaFormal Result with Maka
A formal result marker often used in logic, similar to the 'then' in an 'if-then' sequence.
Level 2 - dengan demikianThus with Dengan Demikian
Another formal transition meaning 'thus' or 'in that way,' often used to conclude a logical argument.
Level 5 - sebaliknyaConversely
Often confused by learners; however, 'sebaliknya' indicates contrast (conversely), while 'pada gilirannya' indicates continuation (in turn).
Level 5
Words in This Pattern
Practice pada gilirannya in Bubblegum
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