بنابراین و با این حال
Linking an Argument
Both words open the new sentence or follow a semicolon, and a comma comes right after them.
How It Works
Editorials, reports and school books link their sentences with a small set of words. Each one tells the reader how the new sentence relates to the one before.
| Link | Meaning | The new sentence |
|---|---|---|
| بنابراین | therefore | follows from the last one |
| در نتیجه | as a result | names what happened because of it |
| با این حال | even so | goes against the last one |
| در عین حال | at the same time | adds a second true thing |
The reason or the fact always comes before بنابراین. The word cannot mean because. For a reason that comes second, use زیرا or چون.
با این حال needs a surprise. If a man was ill and stayed home, that is a result, and the link is بنابراین. If he was ill and went to work, the link is با این حال.
Speech and casual writing use the lighter پس and اما (see So and That Is Why). The words on this page belong to formal writing.
Examples (5)
- شمار شاگردان مکتب‌های ولایت بلخ امسال زیادتر شده است؛ بنابراین، به معلمان و صنف‌های تازه نیاز داریم.
The number of students in Balkh's schools has grown this year; therefore, we need new teachers and classrooms.
بنابراین adds what follows from the growth in numbers.
- قیمت برنج در بازار بالا رفته است. با این حال، خانواده‌ها برای عید هنوز قابلی پلو می‌پزند.
The price of rice has gone up in the market. Even so, families still cook Qabuli pulao for Eid.
با این حال adds what is true in spite of the higher price.
- باران امسال کم بود؛ در نتیجه، حاصل گندم در این ولسوالی کاهش یافت.
There was little rain this year; as a result, the wheat harvest in this district went down.
در نتیجه names what happened because of the lack of rain.
- تیم ما بازی را باخت؛ با این حال، شاگردان با روحیهٔ خوب به خانه برگشتند.
Our team lost the game; even so, the students went home in good spirits.
با این حال introduces the unexpected good mood.
- سالنگ در زمستان پر از برف می‌شود؛ بنابراین، مسافران باید پیش از سفر از وضعیت سرک معلومات بگیرند.
The Salang road fills with snow in winter; therefore, travelers must find out about the road before the trip.
بنابراین adds the advice that follows from the snow.
Common Mistakes
Using بنابراین for the reason.
او به دفتر نیامد، بنابراین مریض بود.او به دفتر نیامد، زیرا مریض بود.بنابراین comes after the reason. To give a reason second, use زیرا or چون.
How It Connects
Learn This First
These words link an argument with a result and add points.
Related Patterns
- پس و به همین خاطرSo and That Is Why
پس is the lighter word for the same kind of result.
Level 3 - چون، زیرا، به خاطرGiving Reasons
These words give the reason before or after the result.
Level 3 - اگرچه و با اینکهAlthough
اگرچه also sets a fact against another, inside one sentence.
Level 4 - با وجودDespite with با وجود
با وجود says despite, before a noun.
Level 6
Words in This Pattern
Practice بنابراین و با این حال in Bubblegum
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