щях да съм + -л Participle
The Future Perfect in the Past
Щях да съм + л-participle means would have (already) done: Щях да съм свършил, ако не беше ти. (I would have finished if it weren't for you.)
How It Works
1. How it is built. Take the past form of ща (щях, щеше, щеше, щяхме, щяхте, щяха), add да, the present of съм, and the л-participle:
- аз щях да съм свършил / свършила
- ти щеше да си свършил / свършила
- той щеше да е свършил, тя щеше да е свършила
- ние щяхме да сме свършили
- вие щяхте да сте свършили
- те щяха да са свършили
The standard form uses съм after да, not бъда.
2. The unreal past result. This is its most common use. It pairs naturally with ако бях + минало причастие and with words such as досега (by now), дотогава (by then) and до петък (by Friday):
- Ако бяхме тръгнали навреме, досега щяхме да сме пристигнали. (If we had left on time, we would have arrived by now.)
3. A completion that was expected. In a story, it can state what was supposed to be done by a later point, often before something went wrong: Според плана до обяд щяхме да сме приключили, но започна да вали.
4. Compare the simple future in the past. бъдеще време в миналото names the event: Щях да свърша (I would have finished, I was going to finish). This tense stresses the finished state at a later point: Щях да съм свършил (I would already have been done). It relates to бъдеще предварително време (ще съм свършил) the way щях да relates to ще.
5. Negation. Use нямаше да + съм + participle. Нямаше never changes: Нямаше да съм успял без теб (I would not have managed without you). Poetry and older literary prose occasionally use не щях да instead, but everyday speech and neutral writing use нямаше да.
6. Short pronouns. They come after да. The auxiliary goes first, except the third-person е, which follows the pronoun: щях да съм го поправил, but щеше да го е поправил.
Examples (6)
- Щях да съм свършил, ако не беше ти.
I would have finished if it weren't for you.
The speaker would already have been done; the other person got in the way.
- Ако бяхме тръгнали навреме, досега щяхме да сме пристигнали.
If we had left on time, we would have arrived by now.
- Без твоята помощ нямаше да съм завършил университета.
Without your help I would not have finished university.
Negative form: нямаше да съм + participle.
- Тя щеше да е заминала, ако не се беше разболяла.
She would have left if she had not fallen ill.
The participle заминала agrees with тя.
- Според плана до обяд щяхме да сме приключили, но започна да вали.
According to the plan we would have finished by noon, but it started to rain.
- Ако ми беше казал по-рано, досега щях да съм го поправил.
If you had told me earlier, I would have fixed it by now.
The pronoun го comes after съм.
Common Mistakes
Forgetting to make the participle agree with the subject.
Тя щеше да е свършил работата.Тя щеше да е свършила работата.The л-participle shows gender and number: свършил for a man, свършила for a woman, свършили for a plural subject.
Using ще instead of щях after an unreal past condition.
Ако бяхме тръгнали навреме, досега ще сме пристигнали.Ако бяхме тръгнали навреме, досега щяхме да сме пристигнали.Ще сме пристигнали is future perfect and can describe a future completion or a conjecture about an already completed event; it does not itself express this unreal past result. A result that did not happen, after ако бяхме тръгнали, needs щях да: щяхме да сме пристигнали.
Changing нямаше for person.
Нямах да съм свършил навреме.Нямаше да съм свършил навреме.In the negative future forms нямаше is fixed. The person is shown by съм and the participle.
How It Connects
Learn This First
The future perfect in the past combines both.
- The Future Perfect
It is the future perfect.
Level 4 - нямаше да + VerbThe Negative Future in the Past
Нямаше да supplies the negative of Щях да съм свършил.
Level 3 - ако бях + -л ParticiplePast Counterfactual Conditions
The unreal past condition pairs with a completed result that would have followed.
Level 4 - Order of Short Forms
The order of short forms places го around съм in Щях да съм го поправил.
Level 3