-ћи
Past Participles of Verbs in Ći
Verbs ending in -ћи (like ићи, рећи, моћи) do not drop -ћи to add regular endings. Instead, they form their past participles using either the suppletive stem -ш- (ићи → ишао, ишла) or consonant stems in -к- and -г- with a fleeting -а- in the masculine singular (рећи → рекао, рекла; моћи → могао, могла).
How It Works
The past tense (перфекат) combines the short present auxiliary of бити (сам, си, је, смо, сте, су) with the active past participle.
Full Conjugation Paradigm:
When forming full sentences, the auxiliary clitic follows standard clitic placement rules:
- Singular:
- (Ја) сам дошао / дошла (or: дошао сам / дошла сам)
- (Ти) си дошао / дошла (or: дошао си / дошла си)
- Он је дошао / Она је дошла / Оно је дошло (or: дошао је / дошла је / дошло је)
- Plural:
- (Ми) смо дошли / дошле (or: дошли смо / дошле смо)
- (Ви) сте дошли / дошле (or: дошли сте / дошле сте)
- Они су дошли / Оне су дошле / Она су дошла (or: дошли су / дошле су / дошла су)
Verbs ending in -ћи follow two main groups to produce their participle stems. Synchronically, both exhibit a fleeting -а- in the masculine singular, which appears before the participle suffix -л shifts to -о (-а-л → -ао):
1. The ићи family (Stem with -ш-)
The verb ићи and all its prefixed derivatives use the past stem -ш-. In the masculine singular, fleeting -а- appears (historically reflecting the vocalization of an Old Slavic yer vowel before -л: дошао), whereas feminine, neuter, and plural forms show no -а-:
- ићи (to go): ишао, ишла, ишло; ишли, ишле, ишла
- доћи (to come): дошао, дошла, дошло; дошли, дошле, дошла
- отићи (to leave): отишао, отишла, отишло; отишли, отишле, отишла
- наћи (to find): нашао, нашла, нашло; нашли, нашле, нашла
- ући (to enter): ушао, ушла, ушло; ушли, ушле, ушла
- изаћи (to exit): изашао, изашла, изашло; изашли, изашле, изашла
2. Consonant stems in -к- (k) and -г- (g)
Verbs such as рећи (root рек-) or моћи (root мог-) preserve their underlying velar stop. In the masculine singular, fleeting -а- breaks up the consonant cluster before -л → -о (могао, рекао):
- рећи (to say): рекао, рекла, рекло; рекли, рекле, рекла
- пећи (to bake): пекао, пекла, пекло; пекли, пекле, пекла
- моћи (can / to be able): могао, могла, могло; могли, могле, могла
- стићи (to arrive): стигао, стигла, стигло; стигли, стигле, стигла
- помоћи (to help): помогао, помогла, помогло; помогли, помогле, помогла
Important notes:
- Never retain the fleeting -а- in feminine, neuter, or plural forms (say рекла, never *рекала; say дошла, never *дошала).
- In standard written Serbian, write the full masculine ending -ао (стигао, могао, дошао), avoiding colloquial spoken contractions like стиго or дошо.
- For negative and reflexive past sentences, apply standard rules: negative auxiliary forms (нисам рекао, није дошла) and omission of је with reflexive се in the 3rd person singular affirmative (e.g., он се попео, but није се попео).
Examples (4)
- Јуче сам отишао у продавницу и нашао све што ми треба.
Yesterday I went to the store and found everything I needed.
Word by Word: Yesterday am gone to store and found all what to-me is-needed.
Both 'отишао' (from отићи) and 'нашао' (from наћи) use the -ш- stem in the masculine singular.
- Она је рекла истину, али нико није могао да поверује.
She told the truth, but no one could believe it.
Word by Word: She is told truth, but nobody not-is could to believe.
'Рекла' drops the fleeting -а- in the feminine singular, while 'могао' inserts -а- in the masculine singular.
- Када су возови стигли на станицу, сви путници су изашли.
When the trains arrived at the station, all the passengers got off.
Word by Word: When are trains arrived onto station, all passengers are exited.
'Стигли' (from стићи) attaches the masculine plural ending -ли directly to 'стиг-', while 'изашли' uses the -ш- stem.
- Ми смо вам помогли у суботу.
We helped you on Saturday.
Word by Word: We are to-you helped in Saturday.
'Помогли' (from помоћи) drops the fleeting -а- in the plural, attaching -ли directly to 'помог-'.
Common Mistakes
Keeping the fleeting -a- in feminine or plural participles.
Она је рекала да ће доћи.Она је рекла да ће доћи.The -а- in 'рекао' or 'могао' is a fleeting vowel that historically inserted into the final consonant cluster in the masculine singular (*рекл → рекал → рекао). In feminine, neuter, and plural forms, the suffix was followed by an inflectional vowel, so no fleeting vowel appeared: рекла, рекло, рекли.
Treating -ћи as a regular infinitive ending and adding -о directly.
Ја сам доћио на време.Ја сам дошао на време.Verbs in -ћи do not drop -ћи to add -о (producing forms like *доћио). The verb доћи belongs to the ићи family and forms its participle on the suppletive stem -ш- (дошао, дошла).
Writing colloquial contracted forms ending in -о instead of standard -ао.
Петар је стиго синоћ касно.Петар је стигао синоћ касно.While everyday spoken Serbian often contracts -ао to -о (стиго, мого, реко), standard written Serbian requires the uncontracted fleeting vowel form: стигао, могао, рекао.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To understand the past forms of verbs ending in -ћи (such as ићи -> ишао, рећи -> рекао), learners need to know standard past tense formation with 'бити' and active past participles, as well as have familiarity with the verb 'ићи'.
- бити + Active ParticipleOrdinary Past Tense
Understanding how the past tense (perfekat) is formed with auxiliary 'бити' and active participles is necessary before learning irregular participles for verbs ending in -ћи.
Level 2 - -о / -ла / -лоActive Participle Agreement
Knowing the regular endings (-о, -ла, -ло) and gender agreement of active past participles provides the foundation for recognizing how verbs in -ћи form their stems and participles.
Level 2 - ићиGoing Somewhere
Familiarity with the high-frequency root verb 'ићи' helps learners connect present forms to irregular past forms such as 'ишао' and 'дошао'.
Level 1
Related Patterns
- се (перфекат)Reflexive Past Tense
Covers past tense reflexive constructions, including the rule of dropping auxiliary 'je' in the third-person singular with verbs like попети се (попео се).
Level 2 - Negative Past Tense
Explains how to form negative past tense statements using negative auxiliary forms (нисам, ниси, није...) with these participles.
Level 2