pa-...-en

In a simple intransitive causative, pa- with -en selects the causee. In paturogen, that participant sleeps; the causer brings about the sleeping. A genitive actor pronoun such as -ko identifies the causer. The selected causee takes central marking, such as ti or ni. Pronouns identify person and number, without gender agreement.

In simple causatives, use causative pag- instead of pa- when the underlying verb uses ag- and the causative verbalizing affix is -en, with or without potential ma-. Thus agsala gives pagsalaen.

With transitive bases, causee selection follows the underlying suffix class: -en bases use -en, and -an bases use -an. Compare paglutuen, selecting the cook, with ipaluto, selecting what is cooked. Modern spelling changes final root o to u before a vowel-initial suffix. The illustrated unsuffixed-aspect forms with -en can describe contemplated events.