Causing or Directing an Action
Tsayar means ‘bring to a halt’; sayar means ‘sell’.
How It Works
The long form generally replaces the final vowel with -ar and has all high tones. Monosyllabic bases retain their vowel and insert -y-. In the Kano long-form construction, the affected participant follows da; pronouns are independent forms: tsayar da ita ‘stop her’.
Some verbs permit a short da form, such as tsai da ita, and a pre-pronoun -she form taking a direct-object pronoun: tsaishe ta. Availability is lexical.
Compare Mota ta tsaya ‘A car stopped’ with Direba ya tsayar da mota ‘The driver stopped a car’. Western and Northern integrated forms such as tsaida are grammatical regional alternatives with different object behavior.
Examples (3)
- Direba ya tsayar da mota.
The driver stopped a car.
Da introduces the affected car.
- Na tsai da ita a bakin ƙofa.
I stopped her at the doorway.
The short form takes independent ita.
- Mun tsaishe ta.
We stopped her.
The -she form takes direct-object ta.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Recognize the grade inventory and da-governed participant relations before comparing Grade5 causatives and their conventional argument frames. In Na tsai da ita a bakin ƙofa, a introduces an added location phrase; bakin is the linked spatial expression meaning at the edge or entrance of, and ƙofa supplies its reference object.
Related Patterns
- A Verb Before Different Objects
Organizes complement environments.
Level 4 - ni / kai / ke / shi / itaIndependent Singular Pronouns
Supplies independent pronouns after da.
Level 1 - ni / ka / ki / shi / taDirect Object Pronouns
Supplies pronouns after -she.
Level 3 - Resulting States and Affected Subjects
Contrasts an external actor with an affected subject.
Level 4
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.
Words in This Pattern
Practice Causing or Directing an Action in Bubblegum
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