خود، خودم، خودش
Myself and Yourself with خود
When خود stresses or names the doer, its ending matches the subject.
How It Works
| Person | Form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| من | خودم | myself |
| تو | خودت | yourself |
| او | خودش | himself or herself |
| ما | خودمان | ourselves |
| شما | خودتان | yourself (polite) or yourselves |
| آن‌ها | خودشان | themselves |
خود has four jobs. It stresses who did it: خودم نامه را نوشتم. It names the person as the object, and then را is needed: خودم را دیدم. It follows a preposition: برای خودمان (for ourselves). It follows a noun to say own: کتاب خودت (your own book).
When خود stresses the doer or names the doer as the object, its ending matches the subject. With من, say خودم. With ما, say خودمان. After a noun, the ending names the owner instead: کتاب خودت.
Where English says myself as an object, Dari uses خود with را: خودم را شستم (I washed myself). For stress, خودم can follow the pronoun or stand alone: من خودم رفتم and خودم رفتم both mean I went myself.
With شما, use خودتان for one polite person or for several: شما خودتان بگویید (you say it yourself).
Examples (5)
- خودم این نامه را نوشتم.
I wrote this letter myself.
خودم stresses that I did it, with no one's help.
- مریم خودش به دکان رفت.
Maryam went to the shop herself.
خودش matches Maryam, the one who went.
- او خودش را در آیینه دید.
She saw herself in the mirror.
خودش را is the object of دید, so را is needed.
- ما این خانه را برای خودمان ساختیم.
We built this house for ourselves.
خودمان follows برای and matches ما.
- این کتاب خودت است یا مال مریم؟
Is this your own book or Maryam's?
کتاب خودت means your own book.
Common Mistakes
Leaving out را when خود is the object.
او خودش در آیینه دید.او خودش را در آیینه دید.دید needs an object. خودش را names the person who was seen.
Using an ending that does not match the person.
من خودش نان پختم.من خودم نان پختم.With من, the ending is ـم: خودم.
How It Connects
Learn This First
خود takes the small endings for my, your and his or her.
Related Patterns
Words in This Pattern
Practice خود، خودم، خودش in Bubblegum
Poppy, your AI tutor, writes Dari lessons at your level. Tap any grammar point in a lesson to see its full explanation.
