стотина / хиљада / милион
Large Numbers as Nouns
Unlike small numerals, words like стотина (hundred), хиљада (thousand), and милион (million) are grammatically substantives (nouns). They have their own grammatical gender and declension, and they always govern the counted noun in the genitive plural.
How It Works
In Serbian, large counting units like стотина, хиљада, and милион behave grammatically like nouns (often categorized as бројне именице or numerals with nominal declension) rather than uninflected or adjectival numerals.
1. Gender and Declension
Each large-number word belongs to a standard noun declension class:
- стотина (feminine, a-declension)
- хиљада (feminine, a-declension)
- милион (masculine, consonant declension)
- милијарда (feminine, billion)
Because of their inherent grammatical gender, any small numeral preceding them must agree in gender: једна хиљада (not *један хиљада), две хиљаде (not *два хиљаде), but два милиона.
2. Сто vs. Стотина
Do not confuse the indeclinable cardinal сто with the noun стотина:
- сто is the standard, unmarked cardinal numeral for exact 100 (e.g., сто динара, сто људи) and is the regular base in compound numbers (e.g., сто двадесет). For multiples of hundreds (200–900), standard Serbian most commonly uses compound cardinals (двеста/двесто, триста, четиристо, петсто, etc.).
- стотина is an alternative nominal form. Multiples such as две стотине or три стотине are perfectly standard synonymous variants of двеста and триста. In addition, стотина is frequently used for approximate amounts (око стотину људи) and in the plural for indefinite numbers (стотине књига).
3. Internal Counting: Compounds
When small numerals precede these large nouns, standard counting rules apply to the numeral noun itself:
- With 1: Nominative singular (једна хиљада, један милион).
- With 2, 3, 4: Paucal ending (две/три/четири стотине, две/три/четири хиљаде, два/три/четири милиона).
- With 5 and above: Genitive plural (пет стотина, десет хиљада, шест милиона).
4. External Government (The Counted Entity)
When the large noun is the final element, the counted noun does not agree with preceding small numbers like два or три; it is governed directly by the large noun and is placed in the genitive plural:
- три хиљаде људи (people [G. pl.], not *три хиљаде човека)
- два милиона евра (euros [G. pl.])
Note on compound numbers: If a compound numeral terminates in a smaller cardinal after the large noun, the rule for Compound Number Agreement applies—the final trailing numeral determines the case and form of the noun (e.g., две хиљаде и један човек [singular], две хиљаде и два човека [paucal]).
5. The "Frozen Accusative" (скамењени акузатив)
In standard Serbian, the feminine numeral nouns стотина, хиљада, and милијарда regularly form an indeclinable, frozen accusative ending in -у (стотину, хиљаду, милијарду). Both хиљаду and стотину are fully recognized in standard usage as indeclinable cardinal forms equivalent to counting units, appearing even in grammatical subject position: Остало је хиљаду динара; Остало је стотину динара; Било их је стотину.
6. Predicate and Verb Agreement
Agreement with numeral noun subjects follows distinct patterns:
- Frozen forms (хиљаду, стотину): Require strict neuter singular agreement: Остало је хиљаду динара.
- Nominative singular numeral nouns (једна хиљада / један милион): Take regular grammatical agreement matching their gender and singular number: Дошла је једна хиљада навијача; Стигао је један милион евра.
- Paucal and compound numeral subjects (две хиљаде, пет милиона): In standard usage, verbs typically take neuter singular agreement (Дошло је три хиљаде људи), though agreement with the grammatical plural/paucal form of the numeral noun is also encountered in descriptive usage (Дошле су три хиљаде људи).
7. Plural Usage for Indefinite Amounts
When used without a preceding number in the plural, these nouns translate as English "hundreds of", "thousands of", or "millions of":
- стотине књига = hundreds of books
- хиљаде навијача = thousands of fans
- милиони грађана = millions of citizens
Examples (5)
- На тргу се окупило више од пет хиљада људи.
More than five thousand people gathered in the square.
Word by Word: On square itself gathered more than five thousands [G. pl.] of-people [G. pl.].
The cardinal 'пет' governs the numeral noun 'хиљада' in the genitive plural ('хиљада'), which in turn governs 'људи' in the genitive plural.
- Влада је уложила два милиона евра у изградњу новог пута.
The government invested two million euros in the construction of the new road.
Word by Word: Government AUX invested two millions [paucal] of-euros [G. pl.] in construction of-new road.
Because 'милион' is masculine, it pairs with 'два' and takes the masculine paucal suffix '-а' ('два милиона'). The counted noun 'евра' stays in the genitive plural.
- За само неколико дана продато је три стотине књига.
Three hundred books were sold in just a few days.
Word by Word: In only several days sold AUX three hundreds [paucal] of-books [G. pl.].
The feminine numeral noun 'стотина' takes the paucal form 'стотине' after 'три'. The quantified noun 'књига' remains in the genitive plural.
- Карта за концерт кошта хиљаду динара.
The concert ticket costs a thousand dinars.
Word by Word: Ticket for concert costs thousand [frozen acc.] of-dinars [G. pl.].
Demonstrates the frozen accusative 'хиљаду' used for an exact number of one thousand.
- Хиљаде туриста сваке године посећују овај стари град.
Thousands of tourists visit this old town every year.
Word by Word: Thousands [Nom. pl.] of-tourists [G. pl.] every year visit this old city.
When used in the nominative plural without a preceding number, 'хиљаде' denotes an indefinite, massive quantity ('thousands of').
Common Mistakes
Putting the counted noun in the paucal (genitive singular) instead of the genitive plural after compound large numbers
два милиона човекадва милиона људиLearners often see 'два' and mistakenly use the paucal singular form of the noun (*човека). However, the word governing the noun is the large noun 'милиона', which requires the genitive plural ('људи').
Using the wrong gender form for 'два' / 'две' with large numeral nouns
два хиљаде динарадве хиљаде динара'Хиљада' and 'стотина' are feminine nouns, so they require the feminine numeral 'две' (not masculine 'два'). Conversely, 'милион' is masculine and requires 'два милиона'.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To understand large numbers like 'стотина', 'хиљада', and 'милион', learners need to treat them as nouns that govern following nouns in the genitive plural, while also managing agreement in compound quantities.
- -а (генитив множине)Common Genitive Plurals
Large-number nouns govern the counted items in the genitive plural, requiring a good grasp of genitive plural endings.
Level 2 - Compound Number Agreement
Understanding how the final element in compound numerals governs agreement is essential when forming compound numbers involving hundreds, thousands, and millions.
Level 2
Related Patterns
- два / две / три / четириCounting Two to Four
Small cardinals determine whether a numeral noun takes a paucal ending (such as 'две хиљаде' or 'два милиона').
Level 1 - пет и више + Genitive PluralCounting Five or More
Governs the genitive plural of both large numeral nouns (e.g., 'пет стотина') and ordinary nouns.
Level 1 - Agreement With Quantity Subjects
Governs how predicates agree with numeral noun subjects in person, gender, and number.
Level 4