lili / lilek / lilu

Independent Personal Object Forms

Level 3

The series is lili, lilek, lilu, lilha, lilna, lilkom, lilhom.

How It Works

The personal forms of lil identify me, you singular, him, her, us, you plural and them: lili, lilek, lilu, lilha, lilna, lilkom, lilhom. Only third-person singular distinguishes masculine and feminine reference. These forms are independent words, unlike object endings attached to a verb.

The surrounding predicate or dialogue establishes whether the participant is an object or recipient. A separate form can highlight a contrast, but combinations with attached verb pronouns have construction-specific restrictions. Compare object alternatives Lili jew lilha?, “Me or her?”, with subject alternatives Jien jew hi?, “I or she?”

The example questions below are dialogue fragments. They assume an understood action involving an object or recipient. Their English meanings use object pronouns; a recipient context could instead require “to you,” “to him,” or similar wording. Neither the fragments nor the paradigm establish a universal rule for doubling objects with verb suffixes.

Examples (3)

  1. Lilek biss?

    Only you?

    Dialogue fragment restricting an understood object or recipient to one addressee.

  2. Lilu wkoll?

    Him too?

    Dialogue fragment adding a masculine singular object or recipient.

  3. Lilna jew lilhom?

    Us or them?

    Dialogue fragment contrasting first- and third-person plural participants.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

lili / lilek / liluLevel 3Independent Personal Object Forms

Learn This First

Introduce the seven independent forms as whole words identifying objects or recipients. The dialogue fragments contrast participants without establishing a general rule for doubling them with attached pronouns.