Reading a Built-Up Verb
Agpaluto combines actor voice and causation; ipagatangan combines beneficiary voice and causation.
How It Works
In agpaluto, luto contributes cooking, pa- adds causation, and ag- selects the causer. Its completed partner nagpaluto keeps the causal relationship. Aspect and voice can fuse, so each grammatical contribution need not have a separate visible segment. Attached participant pronouns are additional elements, rather than parts of the lexical root.
Ipagatangan has the analysis i- + pa- + gatang + -an: something is caused to be bought for the selected beneficiary. Its internal letters pag cross the prefix-root boundary. Elsewhere, simple causative pag- replaces pa- when the underlying verb uses ag- and the causative takes -en, optionally with ma-. These conditions matter; affixes are not freely stackable. Double causatives add another causal layer but are very rare.
Examples (3)
- Agpalutotayo iti pinakbet ken Rosa.
We will have Rosa cook pinakbet.
Actor voice selects the inclusive causer group.
- Nagpaluto ni Elena iti innapoy ken Rosa.
Elena had Rosa cook rice.
Completed actor morphology combines with causation.
- Ipagatangan ni Leo ni Elena iti libro.
Leo will have a book bought for Elena.
Beneficiary voice selects Elena; the actual buyer is unexpressed.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Read voice, causation and aspect together in a built-up verb.
Related Patterns
Practice Reading a Built-Up Verb in Bubblegum
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