States in an Ongoing Frame
Liking, feeling, possession, location, and resulting states can occur with continuative marking.
How It Works
Continuative forms identify the subject: yana is masculine singular, tana feminine singular, and suna plural. Verbal predicates follow verbal-noun rules. Before noun objects, liking and feeling use linked forms son and jin.
Knowledge normally uses sani with completive subject marking; the verb becomes san before an object. Present hearing or understanding with ji also permits the completive. Compare Hauwa tana son shayi, ‘Hauwa likes tea’, with Hauwa ta san sunana, ‘Hauwa knows my name’. Both can describe current states.
Nonverbal predicates have separate structures. Possession and many qualities use da; a location follows the continuative directly. Derived statives such as shirye, ‘ready’, describe resulting states without adjective gender endings. These choices do not establish a universal permanent-versus-temporary distinction. Ordinary Boko leaves tone and vowel length unmarked.
Examples (5)
- Hauwa tana son shayi.
Hauwa likes tea.
Son links the verbal noun to its noun object.
- Hauwa ta san sunana.
Hauwa knows my name.
Completive marking expresses current knowledge.
- Wannan wuƙa tana da kaifi.
This knife is sharp.
The quality noun kaifi follows da.
- Yusufu yana cikin ɗaki.
Yusufu is in the room.
The location follows the continuative directly.
- Muna shirye.
We are ready.
Shirye is a derived stative predicate.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Recognize action-noun complements, possession qualities and linked interior-location predicates before interpreting continuing situations and stable predicates. In Yusufu yana cikin ɗaki, yana directly precedes cikin ɗaki, which places Yusufu inside the room; cikin links to its container complement.
- Actions Used Like Nouns
Recognize action-noun complements, possession qualities and linked interior-location predicates before interpreting continuing situations and stable predicates. In Yusufu yana cikin ɗaki, yana directly precedes cikin ɗaki, which places Yusufu inside the room; cikin links to its container complement.
Level 3 - a cikinInside
Recognize action-noun complements, possession qualities and linked interior-location predicates before interpreting continuing situations and stable predicates. In Yusufu yana cikin ɗaki, yana directly precedes cikin ɗaki, which places Yusufu inside the room; cikin links to its container complement.
Level 2
Related Patterns
Words in This Pattern
Practice States in an Ongoing Frame in Bubblegum
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