Fixed Participle Expressions
A few participle phrases have become fixed comment words: честно казано (frankly speaking), общо взето (on the whole), съдейки по (judging by). They keep one form: Честно казано, филмът не ми хареса.
How It Works
1. Expressions with казано (said).
- честно казано: frankly, to be honest
- меко казано: to put it mildly
- иначе казано: in other words
- най-общо казано: broadly speaking
2. Other fixed participles.
- общо взето: on the whole, generally (from взема, take)
- съдейки по + noun: judging by (from съдя, judge)
3. Commas. These expressions work as comment words, and the official rules set them off with commas (Official Orthographic Dictionary, 2012, § 81.1): Общо взето, всички останаха доволни. In the middle of a sentence, a comma goes on each side: Резултатът, меко казано, е разочароващ. A phrase with съдейки по is set off the same way (see деепричастни обороти): Съдейки по акцента, той е от Пловдив.
4. They do not change. The -о belongs to the expression itself, so it does not become -а or -и next to a feminine or plural noun. The preposition in съдейки по is also fixed.
Examples (6)
- Честно казано, филмът не ми хареса.
Frankly speaking, I didn't like the film.
- Общо взето, всички останаха доволни.
On the whole, everyone was satisfied.
- Съдейки по акцента, той е от Пловдив.
Judging by his accent, he is from Plovdiv.
- Резултатът, меко казано, е разочароващ.
The result is disappointing, to put it mildly.
In mid-sentence the expression has a comma on each side.
- Иначе казано, трябва да започнем отначало.
In other words, we have to start over.
- Най-общо казано, тези термини означават едно и също.
Broadly speaking, these terms mean the same thing.
Common Mistakes
Making the participle agree with a nearby noun.
Честно казана, книгата не ми хареса.Честно казано, книгата не ми хареса.Честно казано is a fixed expression. Its -о ending does not change to match книгата or any other noun.
Changing the preposition in съдейки по.
Съдейки от снимките, мястото е красиво.Съдейки по снимките, мястото е красиво.The expression is always съдейки по + what you judge by.
Leaving out the comma after the expression.
Общо взето всички останаха доволни.Общо взето, всички останаха доволни.Used as a comment on the sentence, общо взето is set off by a comma under the official spelling rules.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Fixed participle expressions need both participles.
Related Patterns
- Adverbial Participle in -йкиThe Adverbial Participle
Съдейки is an adverbial participle, formed with -йки.
Level 4 - Participial Phrases
Shows how participles still build free phrases, unlike these fixed ones.
Level 5 - Commas Around Detached Phrases
The comma rules for phrases set off from the rest of the sentence.
Level 6 - следователно / при товаFormal Connectors
Unlike these expressions, следователно is never set off by commas.
Level 5