được
Can (Managed to)
Post-verbal được means you have the ability or permission to do something, or you successfully managed to do it.
How It Works
In Vietnamese, được is an incredibly common word with multiple meanings depending on where it sits in a sentence.
When placed after a verb, it means "can", "be able to", "managed to", or "may" (permission). It focuses on the physical or circumstantial ability to perform an action, asking for or granting permission, or achieving a successful outcome. It is also used to indicate duration or time achieved (translating to "for" a certain amount of time).
Structure:
- Positive (Ability): Subject + Verb + Object + được or Subject + Verb + được + Object.
- Positive (Success / Managed to): Subject + Verb + được + Object or Subject + Verb + Object + được (+ rồi).
- Duration: Subject + Verb (+ Object) + được + Duration (+ rồi).
- Negative: Subject + không + Verb + được (+ Object) or Subject + không + Verb + Object + được or Subject + Verb (+ Object) + không được.
- Not Yet: Subject + chưa + Verb + được (+ Object) or Subject + chưa + Verb + Object + được or Subject + Verb (+ Object) + chưa được.
- Question: Subject + Verb (+ Object) + được không?
- Answering: To answer a "được không?" question, use Được (Yes / I can / You may) or Không được / Không (No / I cannot). To deny permission, note the word order shift: you must use không được + Verb.
Examples of Use:
- Ability: Tôi nói được tiếng Việt. (I can speak Vietnamese.)
- Permission: Tôi ngồi đây được không? (May I sit here?)
- Success: Tôi tìm được chìa khóa rồi! (I managed to find the keys!)
- Duration: Tôi học tiếng Việt được 2 năm rồi. (I have studied Vietnamese for 2 years.)
- Not Yet: Tôi chưa tìm được chìa khóa. (I haven't managed to find the keys yet.)
- Question: Bạn nói tiếng Việt được không? (Can you speak Vietnamese?)
Other Uses of Được:
- Before the verb (Passive / Privilege): When placed before a verb, được indicates a positive passive voice (receiving a favorable action), in contrast to bị which is used for negative or adverse passive actions. It also means having the opportunity/privilege to do something (e.g., Tôi được mời = I was invited; Tôi được đi chơi = I get to go out).
- As a main verb (To get / receive): Được can act as the main verb of a sentence meaning "to get", "to receive", "to win", or "to achieve" something (e.g., Tôi được điểm cao = I got a good grade; Tôi được quà = I received a gift).
- As a standalone adjective (Okay / Acceptable): It can be used to mean "okay", "acceptable", or "fine" (e.g., Món này ăn được = This dish is okay to eat; Như vậy được không? -> Được. = Is it okay like this? -> It's fine).
Important Notes:
- được vs. biết: While được expresses physical ability, permission, or circumstantial possibility, biết is used for learned skills (e.g., Tôi biết bơi = I know how to swim). However, for languages, both are equally standard and common (e.g., Tôi nói được tiếng Việt and Tôi biết nói tiếng Việt both mean "I can speak Vietnamese").
- được vs. có thể: Có thể also means "can" or "possible", but it goes before the verb. Vietnamese speakers frequently use them together to emphasize ability (e.g., Tôi có thể nói tiếng Việt được).
- Word Order with Objects: When an object is present, the position of được changes the focus. Verb + Object + được emphasizes the general ability to perform the action (e.g., Tôi ăn cay được = I can eat spicy food). Verb + được + Object emphasizes successfully achieving a result or managing to do something (e.g., Tôi mua được vé rồi = I managed to buy the tickets). Additionally, if the object is long or complex, you must use the Verb + được + Object order because placing được at the very end of a long phrase sounds unnatural.
- Clarifying Success: Because được can mean both ability ("can") and success ("managed to"), Vietnamese speakers frequently add rồi to the end of the sentence, or use context and past tense markers like đã, to cement the "successful completion" meaning (e.g., Tôi làm được rồi! = I managed to do it!).
- Duration: When followed by a time phrase, được indicates how long an action has been going on or how much time has been achieved.
- Not Yet (chưa): If you haven't managed to do something yet but there is still a chance of future success, use chưa instead of không (e.g., Tôi chưa tìm được chìa khóa = I haven't found the keys yet). This is heavily favored over không ... được in such contexts.
- Tolerance / Bodily Capability: được is the go-to word for expressing physical tolerance or endurance, especially with consumption verbs (e.g., Tôi ăn cay được = I can eat spicy food, or Tôi không chịu được = I can't stand it).
- Permission: The structure ... được không? is not only used to ask about ability, but is also the primary way to ask for permission ("May I...?" / "Is it okay if...?"). For example: Tôi ngồi đây được không? (Can I / May I sit here?). While questions use "... được không?", granting permission requires placing được before the verb (e.g., Bạn được ngồi đây = You may sit here). To deny permission (prohibition), you must place không được before the verb (e.g., Bạn không được ngồi đây = You may not sit here). Using the standard negative formula (không + Verb + được) means physical or circumstantial inability, not prohibition.
- Regional Negation: To say you "cannot" do something, the standard structure is không + Verb + được. In the Southern dialect, you will frequently hear không được at the end of the phrase (e.g., Tôi ăn cay không được).
- Word Order Warning: Placing không được before the verb changes the meaning to either prohibition ("not allowed to") or the negative passive ("didn't get to / wasn't [verb]-ed", e.g., Tôi không được mời = I was not invited). Similarly, placing just được before the verb means permission ("get to / allowed to") or the positive passive (e.g., Tôi được mời = I was invited).
Examples (6)
- Tôi nói được tiếng Việt.
I can speak Vietnamese.
Word by Word: I speak get language Vietnamese.
Demonstrates physical or mental ability to perform an action. While 'biết' is typically used for learned languages, using 'được' here implies circumstantial ability or having just enough proficiency to manage or get by.
- Hôm qua tôi mua được vé.
Yesterday I managed to buy tickets.
Word by Word: Yesterday I buy get ticket.
Demonstrates the successful completion of an action.
- Tôi không nói được tiếng Việt.
I cannot speak Vietnamese.
Word by Word: I not speak get language Vietnamese.
Shows the standard way to express inability using không + Verb + được.
- Tôi ăn cay không được.
I cannot eat spicy food.
Word by Word: I eat spicy not get.
Shows a common way to express inability in the Southern dialect by placing không được at the end of the phrase.
- Cuối cùng tôi cũng tìm được nhà của bạn.
I finally managed to find your house.
Word by Word: Finally I also find get house belonging to you.
Emphasizes a successful result after some effort.
- Bạn nói tiếng Việt được không?
Can you speak Vietnamese?
Word by Word: You speak language Vietnamese get not?
Demonstrates the standard question form to ask about someone's ability.
Common Mistakes
Placing 'được' before the verb to mean 'can' (ability).
Tôi được nói tiếng Việt.Tôi nói được tiếng Việt.Placing được before the verb changes the meaning to "am allowed to" or creates a passive sentence. For ability, it must go after the verb.
Using 'không được' before the verb when you mean 'cannot' because of ability or tolerance.
Different MeaningTôi không được ăn cay.Tôi không ăn được cay.This sentence is fine, but it usually means 'I am not allowed to eat spicy food'. Placing không được before the verb points to a rule or permission, or to something that did not work out. To say you cannot manage it (for example, your stomach cannot take it), put được after the verb: 'Tôi không ăn cay được'.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To use 'được' as a post-verbal modifier, you need to be comfortable with basic Vietnamese sentence structure and the concept that verbs remain static while particles add nuance. It is also helpful to understand other ways to express 'can' to use 'được' in the correct context of successful completion or achievement.
Related Patterns
- có thểCan / Be Able to
Có thể also means "can", but it sits before the verb and expresses theoretical possibility, whereas post-verbal được expresses actualized ability or success. They are frequently used together (có thể ... được) to emphasize ability.
Level 1 - được (cho phép)May / Be Allowed to
When được is placed before the verb, it means "to be allowed to" rather than "to be able to".
Level 2 - không được + VerbNot Allowed to
Shows the critical difference in negation placement. Không được + Verb means prohibition, while Verb + không được means inability.
Level 2 - Verb + được + ObjectWhere Được Sits with an Object
Explains the specific word order rules when using post-verbal được with a direct object.
Level 3
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.