-ilgan
Passive Participles: -ilgan
Add -gan to a passive stem to describe a noun by what was done to it: yozilgan xat (a written letter), yopilgan doʻkon (a closed shop), qabul qilingan qaror (the decision that was adopted).
How It Works
The -gan participle describes a noun by a past action. When the stem is passive, the noun is the thing the action was done to:
- xat yozgan bola (the child who wrote a letter), with an active stem
- yozilgan xat (a written letter), with a passive stem
Building the passive stem.
- After a consonant: -il: yoz-il-gan (written), yop-il-gan (closed), pishir-il-gan (cooked)
- After a vowel: -l: oʻqi-l-gan (read), yasa-l-gan (made)
- After l: -in: ol-in-gan (taken), qabul qil-in-gan (adopted)
- After a stem ending in -la: -n: tayyorla-n-gan (prepared), oʻgʻirla-n-gan (stolen)
Adding the doer. Name who did it with tomonidan: onam tomonidan pishirilgan non (bread baked by my mother).
As a predicate. At the end of a sentence, -ilgan says that something has been done and the result is still there: Doʻkon yopilgan (The shop is closed). Compare the simple past Doʻkon yopildi (The shop closed, or was closed).
As a noun. Like other participles used as nouns, it can stand alone: aytilganlar (the things that were said).
Examples (6)
- Stolda yozilgan xat turibdi.
There's a written letter on the table.
Word by Word: Table-on written letter is-standing.
- Bu doʻkon yopilgan.
This shop is closed.
Word by Word: This shop has-been-closed.
At the end of a sentence, -ilgan gives a present result.
- Oʻgʻirlangan mashina topildi.
The stolen car was found.
Word by Word: Stolen car was-found.
Oʻgʻirla- ends in -la, so the passive is -n.
- Qabul qilingan qaror hammaga maʼqul boʻldi.
Everyone liked the decision that was adopted.
Word by Word: Accepted decision everyone-to pleasing became.
- Stolda onam tomonidan pishirilgan non bor.
There's bread on the table that my mother baked.
Word by Word: Table-on mother-my side-her-from baked bread there-is.
- Olingan natijalar juda yaxshi.
The results we got are very good.
Word by Word: Obtained results very good.
Ol- ends in l, so the passive is -in.
Common Mistakes
Using the active -gan when the noun received the action (meant: the shop is closed).
Doʻkon yopgan.Doʻkon yopilgan.Yopgan is active, so the first sentence says the shop closed something. The shop was closed, so the passive yopilgan is needed.
Using -il after a stem that ends in l or -la.
Olilgan natijalar juda yaxshi.Olingan natijalar juda yaxshi.After l the passive is -in (olingan), and after -la it is -n (tayyorlangan). Olilgan and tayyorlalgan are not Uzbek forms.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Builds on The Past Participle -gan and The Passive Voice.
Related Patterns
- tomonidanBy (In Passives)
Names who did the action: onam tomonidan pishirilgan.
Level 4 - Participles as Nouns
Participles, passive ones too, can work as nouns.
Level 3 - -(a)yotganThe Present Participle -(a)yotgan
The present participle; its passive is -ilayotgan.
Level 3 - -gan (oʻtgan zamon)Past with -gan
At the end of a sentence, -ilgan works like this past tense.
Level 2
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.
Practice -ilgan in Bubblegum
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