-teľ / -ár / -ník / -č
Words for People Who Do Things
Slovak names people by their activity with four common suffixes: -teľ (učiteľ, teacher), -ár (lekár, doctor), -ník (úradník, clerk) and -č (predavač, shop assistant). The feminine form adds -ka: učiteľka, lekárka, úradníčka, predavačka.
How It Works
Four common suffixes.
- -teľ, mostly from verbs: učiť → učiteľ (teacher), riadiť → riaditeľ (director, head teacher), spisovať → spisovateľ (writer), čítať → čitateľ (reader), obývať → obyvateľ (inhabitant)
- -ár / -iar, mostly from nouns: lekár (doctor), kuchár (cook), pekár (baker), rybár (fisherman), novinár (journalist, from noviny); after some consonants -iar: mäsiar (butcher), hrnčiar (potter)
- -ník, from nouns, adjectives and verbs: úradník (clerk, from úrad), robotník (worker), pracovník (employee), záhradník (gardener)
- -č, from verbs: predávať → predavač (shop assistant), hrať → hráč (player), viesť → vodič (driver)
Other suffixes do the same job, such as -ec in plavec (swimmer).
Masculine forms. These are animate nouns that follow the chlap pattern: bez učiteľa, učiteľovi, s lekárom. Their plural for men is učitelia, riaditelia (-ia after -teľ), lekári, predavači, hráči (-i) and úradníci, robotníci (k changes to c).
Feminine forms. Add -ka and decline like žena: učiteľka, riaditeľka, lekárka, kuchárka, predavačka, hráčka, vodička. With -ník, the k changes to č: úradníčka, záhradníčka, pracovníčka. Slovak normally uses the feminine word when talking about a woman: Moja sestra je lekárka.
Related words. The same stems give other words: čitateľ (reader) and čitateľný (readable), učiteľ and učiteľstvo (the teaching profession).
Examples (6)
- Moja sestra je učiteľka a jej manžel je lekár.
My sister is a teacher and her husband is a doctor.
Word by Word: My sister is teacher and her husband is doctor.
- Spýtajte sa predavača, či to majú aj v inej veľkosti.
Ask the shop assistant whether they have it in another size too.
Word by Word: Ask shop-assistant whether it they-have also in other size.
Predavač is animate, so the accusative is predavača.
- Úradníčka mi povedala, že mám prísť zajtra.
The clerk told me to come tomorrow.
Word by Word: Clerk(f) me told that I-have to-come tomorrow.
Úradník → úradníčka: k becomes č before -ka.
- Riaditeľ školy privítal nových učiteľov.
The head teacher welcomed the new teachers.
Word by Word: Director of-school welcomed new teachers.
- Na ihrisku bolo dvadsaťdva hráčov.
There were twenty-two players on the pitch.
Word by Word: On pitch was twenty-two of-players.
- Pekár začína pracovať o štvrtej ráno.
The baker starts work at four in the morning.
Word by Word: Baker starts to-work at fourth morning.
Common Mistakes
Adding -ka to -ník without changing k to č.
Moja mama je úradníkka.Moja mama je úradníčka.Before -ka, the k of -ník becomes č: úradník → úradníčka, záhradník → záhradníčka.
Using -i instead of -ia in the plural of -teľ nouns.
Učiteli boli s výsledkami spokojní.Učitelia boli s výsledkami spokojní.Masculine nouns in -teľ take -ia in the nominative plural: učitelia, riaditelia, obyvatelia.
Keeping k in the plural of -ník nouns.
Úradníki dnes nepracujú.Úradníci dnes nepracujú.In the plural for men, k changes to c: úradník → úradníci, robotník → robotníci.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Before Words for People Who Do Things, learn Masculine Declension Types. Agent nouns are masculine and follow the declension types.
Related Patterns
- Plural of Nouns for Men
Their plurals use the endings for men: učitelia, lekári, úradníci.
Level 3 - -teľnýAdjectives in -teľný
The adjective with the same stem means that the action can be done: čitateľ, čitateľný.
Level 5 - -osť / -stvoAbstract Nouns in -osť and -stvo
Adding -stvo names the profession or group: učiteľstvo, vlastníctvo.
Level 5 - Adjectives as Nouns: vedúci, známyAdjectives Used as Nouns
Other words for people are adjectives used as nouns: vedúci, cestujúci.
Level 5 - -ováWomen's Surnames in -ová
Surnames also get a separate feminine form, with -ová instead of -ka.
Level 2