katoa

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Level 5

Ngā + noun + katoa includes all relevant members; pronoun + katoa is also possible.

How It Works

Katoa can follow a plural noun or pronoun to include the complete relevant group. Preserve the phrase's ordinary article and participant marking. The quantifier has no plural ending.

It can also occur inside an appropriate predicate. In e haere katoa ana, katoa precedes ana and includes all the subject participants. Placement preferences depend on the construction; nominal and predicate positions are not freely interchangeable.

Inside a passive phrase, katoatia is an attested agreeing form. Its ending reflects passive agreement, not number. Compare I whakahokia ngā pukapuka, “The books were returned,” with I whakahokia ngā pukapuka katoa, which explicitly includes every relevant book. The third example shows passive-predicate placement with another action. Completeness alone does not imply simultaneity or establish passive agreement for every modifier.

Examples (3)

  1. Kua tae mai ngā manuhiri katoa.

    All the visitors have arrived.

    Katoa includes the complete relevant visitor group.

  2. E tatari ana mātou katoa.

    We are all waiting.

    Katoa follows the exclusive group pronoun.

  3. I horoia katoatia ngā rīhi e te kaiāwhina.

    All the dishes were washed by the assistant.

    Katoatia occurs inside the passive predicate.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

katoaLevel 5All

Learn This First

Introduce complete inclusion after nouns or pronouns and within supported predicates. Explain that katoatia reflects passive modifier agreement, while completeness itself says nothing about simultaneous participation.