They in the Perfect

Level 2

Ħriġna, ħriġtu and ħarġu mean ‘we’, ‘you plural’ and ‘they went out’.

How It Works

The perfect has distinct plural forms for first, second and third person. For ħareġ, learn ħriġna ‘we went out’, ħriġtu ‘you plural went out’, and ħarġu ‘they went out’. Their stems differ from masculine singular ħareġ; adding one ending to an unchanged citation form will not produce the paradigm.

Plural forms do not distinguish gender. Ħarġu can describe boys, girls or a mixed group. Other classes differ: pparkjajna, pparkjajtu, pparkjaw mean ‘we, you plural, they parked’.

Subject endings and attached object pronouns have separate functions even when their letters resemble each other. The examples below are completed past statements. Auxiliaries can establish completion relative to other reference times without removing plural subject agreement.

Examples (3)

  1. Aħna ħriġna wara x-xogħol.

    We went out after work.

    Ħriġna marks first-person plural.

  2. Intom ħriġtu kmieni.

    You went out early.

    Ħriġtu marks second-person plural.

  3. Il-bniet ħarġu flimkien.

    The girls went out together.

    Ħarġu marks third-person plural without a gender distinction.

How It Connects

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They in the PerfectLevel 2

Learn This First

Expand the plural portion of the perfect paradigm, contrast it with pparkjajna/pparkjajtu/pparkjaw, and keep plural subject agreement separate from attached-object roles.

Learn Next

Patterns that build on this one.