ken + personal name

Personal Oblique Phrases

Level 1

Both ken + name and ken ni + name are attested. Associative plural reference uses kada.

How It Works

For a singular personal name, the supplied grammars attest both ken alone and ken ni. Retaining or omitting ni in these frames is a supported variation. Neither form distinguishes gender.

A giving predicate licenses a recipient; an associative predicate licenses someone participating with the actor. Other attested frames admit an affected personal target or a person caused to act. Para can precede the personal oblique phrase to specify a beneficiary. Common-noun counterparts use iti or kadagiti.

Use kada for a named person and associates. Compare ken Ana, referring to Ana as one recipient, with kada Ana, referring to Ana and others. This differs from a coordination such as two named people joined by conjunction ken. Interpret the entire predicate and phrase rather than translating every ken as and, or assuming it always means to.

Examples (5)

  1. Inted ni Mario daytoy ken Ana.

    Mario gave this to Ana.

    Ken introduces a singular named recipient.

  2. Inted ni Mario dayta ken ni Ana.

    Mario gave that to Ana.

    Ken ni is the supported alternative singular marking.

  3. Nakitungtung ni Ruben ken ni Mila.

    Ruben conversed with Mila.

    The associative predicate licenses the conversational partner.

  4. Para ken ni Nestor ti libro.

    The book is for Nestor.

    Para specifies the beneficiary relation.

  5. Inted ni Mario daytoy kada Ana.

    Mario gave this to Ana and her companions.

    Kada introduces associative plural personal reference.

How It Connects

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ken + personal nameLevel 1Personal Oblique Phrases

Learn This First

Ken and ken ni introduce singular names in oblique roles.

Words in This Pattern

ken nikada