All: -pa / -mba
All: -pa
-pa means all or finished: ohopa hikuái “they all went”.
How It Works
The ending -pa comes from the verb pa “to finish”. It tells the listener that the action reached everyone or everything.
| After an oral word | After a nasal word |
|---|---|
| ohopa “all went” | omanomba “all died” |
It can refer to the subject, as in Ohopa hikuái “They all went”, or to the thing acted on, as in haʼupáta ko tembiʼu “I will eat all this food”. With no object, akarupa means “I have finished eating”.
The ending is stressed, so the root loses its accent. An unstressed ending after it, such as -ta, leaves the stress on -pa: haʼupáta.
This ending is not the question marker -pa (Ndépa Pablo?). The question marker is unstressed and joins the first word or phrase of the question. The “all” ending is stressed and sits on the verb.
Examples (4)
- Ohopa hikuái.
They all went.
-pa adds “all”. Hikuái means “they”.
- Akarupa.
I have finished eating.
With no object, -pa says the action is finished.
- Tahyikuéra omanomba.
The ants all died.
Mano is a nasal word, so the ending is -mba.
- Haʼupáta ko tembiʼu.
I will eat all this food.
-pa can say the whole thing is used up. The stress is on pá.
Common Mistakes
Using -pa after a nasal word.
Tahyikuéra omanopa.Tahyikuéra omanomba.Mano is a nasal word, so -pa becomes -mba.
How It Connects
Learn This First
This -pa means all or finished, and it follows the idea of already.
Related Patterns
- The Question Marker -pa
The question marker looks the same but is unstressed and joins the first word or phrase of a question.
Level 1 - Nasal Forms of Endings
-pa and -mba are one of the nasal pairs.
Level 2 - heta / mbovy / opa / ambueMany, Few, All and Other
Opa “all, finished” has the same root as this ending.
Level 2 - memeAlways and All: Meme
Meme is another way to say “all” or “always”.
Level 4
Words in This Pattern
Practice All: -pa / -mba in Bubblegum
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