Clause + което
Which Referring to a Whole Clause
Закъсня, което ме ядоса. (He was late, which made me angry.) Here което points back to the whole first clause, not to a single word.
How It Works
1. Summing up a clause.
- Тя спечели наградата, което изненада всички. (She won the prize, which surprised everyone.) Наградата is feminine, so което can only mean the fact that she won.
- Влакът закъсня с час, което означаваше, че ще изпуснем срещата. (The train was an hour late, which meant we would miss the meeting.)
2. Always neuter. Compare the ordinary relative pronoun, which agrees with a noun:
- Купих си кола, която е червена. (I bought a car which is red.) Refers to кола.
- Купих си кола, което много ме зарадва. (I bought a car, which made me very happy.) Refers to buying it.
When the last noun is itself neuter, the sentence can be ambiguous. Rephrase with и това if the meaning is unclear.
3. With prepositions. Той ми помогна, за което съм му благодарна. (He helped me, for which I am grateful to him.) Заваля, поради което мачът беше отложен. (It started to rain, because of which the match was postponed.) The preposition is the one the next verb or adjective needs: благодарен за.
4. Position and commas. The което clause always comes after the clause it sums up and is separated by a comma. For linking an outcome in formal style, see also при което.
5. Everyday alternatives. In speech, people often say и това or use затова: Закъсня и това ме ядоса. (He was late, and that made me angry.)
Examples (6)
- Закъсня, което ме ядоса.
He was late, which made me angry.
- Тя спечели наградата, което изненада всички.
She won the prize, which surprised everyone.
Наградата is feminine, so което must refer to the whole clause.
- Той ми помогна, за което съм му много благодарна.
He helped me, for which I am very grateful to him.
За comes from благодарна за.
- Влакът закъсня с час, което означаваше, че ще изпуснем срещата.
The train was an hour late, which meant we would miss the meeting.
- Купих си кола, което много ме зарадва.
I bought myself a car, which made me very happy.
- Заваля силен дъжд, поради което мачът беше отложен.
Heavy rain started, because of which the match was postponed.
Поради което belongs to formal style.
Common Mistakes
Making което agree with a nearby person or noun.
Тя закъсня, която ме ядоса.Тя закъсня, което ме ядоса.When the word refers to the whole event, it is always neuter: което.
Using което when you mean a specific noun.
Купих си кола, което е червена.Купих си кола, която е червена.The car is red, so the pronoun refers to кола and must be feminine: която.
Leaving out the preposition.
Той ми помогна, което съм му благодарен.Той ми помогна, за което съм му благодарен.Благодарен needs за, so the linking word becomes за което.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Което for a whole clause extends relative clauses.
Related Patterns
- при коетоLinking an Outcome with При Което
A formal way to link an outcome to a whole clause.
Level 6 - Commas Before Subordinate Clauses
Why a comma always comes before което.
Level 3 - затоваThat Is Why with Затова
An everyday way to link a cause and its result.
Level 3 - така чеSo with Така Че
Another way to add a consequence to a whole statement.
Level 4
Words in This Pattern
Practice Clause + което in Bubblegum
Poppy, your AI tutor, writes Bulgarian lessons at your level. Tap any grammar point in a lesson to see its full explanation.
