Simple Instructions

Level 1

Verb + needed complements forms a simple instruction.

How It Works

A simple positive instruction to one familiar addressee can begin with the verb. Include the object, destination or other complements needed for the action. The verb receives no imperative ending. 'Bare' describes the instruction frame, not the number of syllables in its verb: established multi-syllable verbs also form commands.

A name can identify the addressee before the instruction. In Bísí, kọ orúkọ rẹ síbí., the speaker addresses Bísí directly. The comma and conversational setting distinguish this address from naming Bísí as the subject of a statement.

For plural or respectful singular address, use ẹ. Standard Yoruba negative instructions use má. A bare instruction's social effect depends on context; jọ̀wọ́ can soften a request. Preserve lexical tone: mu, 'drink,' differs from mú, 'take.'

Examples (3)

  1. Mu omi díẹ̀.

    Drink a little water.

    Mu has mid tone and means drink.

  2. Gbé àpò náà wá.

    Bring the bag.

    Uses a carrying-and-motion sequence.

  3. Bísí, kọ orúkọ rẹ síbí.

    Bísí, write your name here.

    The name identifies the addressee; rẹ means your.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

Simple InstructionsLevel 1