Verbal Nouns: -imas, -ymas
Verbal Nouns in -imas
Add -imas or -ymas to a verb stem to name the action: skaityti → skaitymas (reading), bėgti → bėgimas (running).
How It Works
1. How to make them.
- Verbs of the -yti, -o, -ė pattern take -ymas: skaityti → skaitymas (reading), rašyti → rašymas (writing), rūkyti → rūkymas (smoking).
- Verbs in -ėti take -ėjimas: kalbėti → kalbėjimas (speaking), tikėti → tikėjimas (faith).
- The following verbs in -uoti and -auti use the past stem in -av-: dainuoti → dainavimas (singing), vairuoti → vairavimas (driving), keliauti → keliavimas (travelling).
- Most other verbs take -imas: bėgti → bėgimas (running), plaukti → plaukimas (swimming), piešti → piešimas (drawing).
The past tense is a good guide, because -imas normally attaches to its stem: kalbėjo → kalbėjimas, dainavo → dainavimas, gėrė → gėrimas, gyveno → gyvenimas. See The Three Principal Parts.
2. Case and gender. They are masculine and change like -as nouns (see The First Declension): skaitymas, skaitymo, skaitymui, skaitymą. Adjectives agree: greitas bėgimas (fast running).
3. An accusative object becomes genitive. In the following verb phrase, the object is accusative: rašau laiškus. With the noun, it becomes genitive and usually comes first: laiškų rašymas (writing letters), lietuvių kalbos mokymas (teaching Lithuanian). See Genitive Nouns as Descriptions.
4. Everyday words. Some of these nouns also name a thing or a result: gėrimas (a drink), leidimas (a permit), susitikimas (a meeting), gyvenimas (life). Unprefixed reflexive verbs can make nouns in -masis, such as mokymasis (studying); with a prefix, si stays inside, as in susitikimas; see Reflexive -si- in Nouns and Participles.
5. Noun or infinitive? After verbs like mėgti, norėti and pradėti, Lithuanian usually uses the infinitive, not a verbal noun: Mėgstu skaityti. (I like reading.) Use the noun when the action is the subject or a label: Skaitymas lavina vaizduotę. (Reading develops the imagination.)
Examples (6)
- Skaitymas lavina vaizduotę.
Reading develops the imagination.
The verbal noun skaitymas is the subject.
- Rūkymas kenkia sveikatai.
Smoking harms your health.
Rūkyti ends in -yti, so the noun ends in -ymas.
- Rytinis bėgimas padeda man pabusti.
A morning run helps me wake up.
The adjective rytinis agrees with the masculine noun bėgimas.
- Laiškų rašymas užtruko visą vakarą.
Writing the letters took the whole evening.
The object laiškai goes into the genitive: laiškų.
- Rytoj laikysiu vairavimo egzaminą.
Tomorrow I am taking my driving test.
Vairuoti gives vairavimas. Its genitive vairavimo describes the test.
- Kalbėjimas man sekasi geriau negu rašymas.
Speaking goes better for me than writing.
Kalbėti ends in -ėti, so the noun is kalbėjimas.
Common Mistakes
Keeping the object in the accusative.
Knygas skaitymas lavina vaizduotę.Knygų skaitymas lavina vaizduotę.The accusative object of skaityti becomes genitive with skaitymas: knygų, not knygas.
Building an -uoti noun from the present tense.
Man sunkiai sekasi vairuojimas.Man sunkiai sekasi vairavimas.Verbs in -uoti make their noun from the past-tense stem: vairavo → vairavimas.
Writing rašimas instead of rašymas.
Rašimas man patinka.Rašymas man patinka.Rašyti, rašo, rašė follows the -yti, -o, -ė pattern, which forms nouns in -ymas.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Verbal nouns turn an action into a noun and put its former object into the genitive.
Related Patterns
- Infinitive -tiThe Infinitive in -ti
After verbs like mėgti and norėti, the infinitive is usually preferred to a verbal noun.
Level 1 - Person Nouns: -tojas, -ininkasPeople Named by What They Do
The -tojas suffix names the person who does the action, where -imas names the action.
Level 4 - Reflexive -si- in Nouns and Participles
Unprefixed reflexive verbs form nouns such as mokymasis; prefixed forms keep si inside, as in susitikimas.
Level 5 - Abstract Nouns: -umas, -ybė, -ystėAbstract Nouns
Abstract nouns made from adjectives, where -imas nouns come from verbs.
Level 5