Past Passive Participle: -tas, -ta
Past Passive Participle
parašyti → parašytas laiškas, parašyta knyga (a written letter, a written book).
How It Works
How to build it. Take the infinitive, drop -ti and add -tas or -ta. This gives the ordinary forms shown below.
- parašyti → parašytas, parašyta
- uždaryti → uždarytas, uždaryta
- kepti → keptas, kepta
- nupirkti → nupirktas, nupirkta
- išsiųsti → išsiųstas, išsiųsta
It agrees like an adjective. It follows the -as/-a pattern of adjective agreement: parašytas laiškas, parašyto laiško; plural nupirkti obuoliai, atidarytos durys. With plural-only nouns like durys, use the plural.
What it means. Something has been done to the noun, often with attention to the result. That is why it is mostly made from verbs that take an object, and often from completed, prefixed verbs: padarytas (done), sutvarkytas (tidied), pamirštas (forgotten).
-tas or -ęs? The active -ęs is about the one who did the action. The passive -tas is about the thing it was done to: laišką parašęs vyras (the man who wrote the letter), vyro parašytas laiškas (the letter the man wrote).
A neuter form. There is also a genderless form in -ta, used when nothing agrees: Čia parašyta, kad... (It says here that...). More in the impersonal passive.
Examples (6)
- Ant stalo guli parašytas laiškas.
There is a written letter on the table.
Word by Word: On table lies written letter.
- Parduotuvė šiandien uždaryta.
The shop is closed today.
Parduotuvė is feminine, so uždaryta.
- Mėgstu šviežiai keptą duoną.
I love freshly baked bread.
Duoną is accusative feminine, so keptą is too.
- Tai lietuvių kalba parašyta knyga.
This is a book written in Lithuanian.
- Nupirkti obuoliai guli šaldytuve.
The purchased apples are in the fridge.
Word by Word: Bought apples lie in-fridge.
Masculine plural -ti agrees with obuoliai.
- Durys atidarytos.
The door is open.
Word by Word: Doors opened.
Durys is plural-only, so the participle is feminine plural.
Common Mistakes
Not matching the gender of the noun.
Šiandien uždarytas parduotuvė.Šiandien uždaryta parduotuvė.Parduotuvė is feminine, so the participle ends in -a: uždaryta.
Using the singular with a plural-only noun.
Durys atidaryta.Durys atidarytos.Durys is always plural and feminine, so use -tos.
Using the active participle for something that had an action done to it.
Laiškas jau parašęs.Laiškas jau parašytas.Parašęs means "having written", so the letter would be the writer. For a thing that has been written, use parašytas.
How It Connects
Learn This First
The past passive participle is built from the infinitive and agrees with the affected noun.
Related Patterns
- Past Active Participle: -ęs, -usiPast Active Participle
The active partner, about the one who did the action.
Level 4 - Passive Voice With būti
With būti, this participle forms the passive voice.
Level 4 - Adjective Agreement
The participle agrees with its noun like an adjective.
Level 1 - Present Passive Participle -masPresent Passive Participle
The present passive participle in -mas can describe an ongoing or habitual action.
Level 5 - Impersonal Passive: buvo nuspręsta
The genderless -ta form is used in impersonal sentences.
Level 5 - Agent in the Genitive
The doer can be added in the genitive: vyro parašytas laiškas.
Level 5
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.
Words in This Pattern
Practice Past Passive Participle: -tas, -ta in Bubblegum
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