di + Possessor
'Di' for Possession
In Italian, possession is expressed using the preposition di (of). Unlike English, which uses 's (e.g., Marco's car), Italian always places the possessed object first: la macchina di Marco.
How It Works
The preposition di is the most common way to indicate belonging in Italian. Here are the key rules for Level 1:
- Word Order: Italian follows a strict [Object] + di + [Owner] structure. You cannot say 'Marco's book'; you must say 'The book of Marco' (il libro di Marco). Unlike in English, you generally cannot drop the article before the object, with a few common exceptions like the word casa in phrases such as a casa di Marco (at Marco's house).
- Proper Names: When the owner is a specific person's name, use simple di. Example: Il gatto di Anna.
- Common Nouns: When the owner is a common noun that requires a definite article (like 'the teacher'), di merges with it to form an articulated preposition. The forms are: del (di + il), dello (di + lo), dell' (di + l'), della (di + la), dei (di + i), degli (di + gli), and delle (di + le). Example: Il libro del professore. If the noun uses an indefinite article or no article (like singular family members with possessives), it remains simple di. Examples: Il libro di un amico and La macchina di mio padre. However, plural family members require the articulated preposition: La macchina dei miei genitori.
- Asking and Answering 'Whose?': To ask who something belongs to, use the phrase Di chi + the verb essere. The verb must agree with the object being possessed. Example: Di chi è questa penna? (Whose pen is this?) for singular, and Di chi sono queste chiavi? (Whose keys are these?) for plural. To answer with a name, mirror the structure using È di or Sono di + owner. Example: È di Marco. When answering with a possessive word, drop the 'di' entirely and just use the possessive pronoun: È mio (not 'È di me' or 'È di mio'). Note that È il mio is also grammatically correct (meaning 'It is the one that is mine').
- Elision: While di can become d' before a vowel, it is much more common in modern Italian to keep the full form di before names to keep them clear. Example: Il libro di Elena.
- Authorship: Use di to indicate who created something. Example: Un film di Fellini.
Note: Do not use di with me, te, noi or voi to show possession (like 'di me', 'di te'); di lui and di lei are possible only to avoid confusion with suo. Instead, use possessive adjectives like mio, tuo, suo, or loro. For example, 'their book' is il loro libro, not 'il libro di loro'.
Examples (5)
- La casa di Marco è grande.
Marco's house is big.
Word by Word: The house of Marco is big.
A simple use of 'di' with a proper name to show ownership.
- Questo è il cane della mia amica.
This is my friend's dog.
Word by Word: This is the dog of the my friend.
Here, 'di' combines with the article 'la' to become 'della' because 'amica' is a common noun.
- Di chi è questo zaino?
Whose backpack is this?
Word by Word: Of whom is this backpack?
To ask 'Whose?', Italian uses the phrase 'Di chi' followed by the verb 'essere'.
- È un libro di Dante.
It is a book by Dante.
Word by Word: It is a book of Dante.
Using 'di' to indicate authorship.
- Il gatto è di Elena.
The cat is Elena's.
Word by Word: The cat is of Elena.
In modern Italian, the full form 'di' is preferred before names starting with a vowel to ensure the name remains clear.
Common Mistakes
Using English word order (Owner + 's + Object).
Marco's libro è qui.Il libro di Marco è qui.Italian never uses an 's' to show possession. You must use 'di' and put the object first.
Using 'di' with personal pronouns like 'me', 'te', or 'lui'.
Il libro di me.Il mio libro.Do not use 'di' + any personal pronoun to show possession. For possession (my, your, his, her, their), Italian uses possessive adjectives instead.
Confusing 'di' with 'da' for locations.
Vado di Marco.Vado da Marco.Use 'di' for ownership (Marco's car), but use 'da' when you are going to or staying at someone's place.
How It Connects
Learn This First
To express possession using 'di', you first need to understand how to form basic noun phrases with definite articles and recognize 'di' as a simple preposition used to link the object to its owner.
Related Patterns
- Articulated (Contracted) Prepositions
'Di' often combines with definite articles (del, della, dei) when the owner is a common noun.
Level 1 - Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives (mio, tuo) are the alternative to 'di' when referring to personal pronouns.
Level 1 - da + Person'Da' + Person (At Someone's Place)
While 'di' shows who owns something, 'da' is used to say you are at someone's house or office.
Level 1 - Elision
While 'di' can undergo elision (d'), it is increasingly rare in modern Italian before proper names.
Level 1 - di + Material'Di' for Material
'Di' is also used to describe what an object is made of (e.g., 'di legno' - made of wood).
Level 2
Learn Next
Patterns that build on this one.