-mi / -tayo / -yo / -da

Place the possessor immediately after the noun, without a possessor marker or modifier linker. The fragments below keep the noun unchanged and vary only the owners. Modern spelling joins the possessor to its noun; the entry’s hyphens label the grammatical parts.

Exclusive mi corresponds to subject kami, while inclusive tayo corresponds to subject tayo. Subject kayo has possessor counterpart yo. In polite or formal speech, yo can refer to one respectfully addressed owner. Third-person da has the same shape as a dependent subject form, but after a noun it identifies the possessor.

Compare libroda, “their book,” with dagiti libroda, “their books.” Dagiti makes the book phrase plural; da continues to identify plural possessors. The reference also lists a dual possessor form, so these four forms are not the whole paradigm. Learn each host’s attested spelling and any shortened endings with the word; these examples preserve the full plural endings.