kuma

Adding Another Point

Level 2

Kuma coordinates clauses and can follow an additional descriptive phrase.

How It Works

Between clauses, kuma adds another proposition, commonly translated ‘and’ or ‘and also’. The added clause keeps its subject-TAM marker and any required object morphology. The connector does not identify the subject or determine the event frame.

An additional descriptive phrase can also end with kuma. English ‘too’ often expresses this use naturally, allowing the speaker to add another quality of the same referent.

Compare Na sayi shinkafa da wake ‘I bought rice and beans’ with separate buying clauses joined by kuma. Da joins the purchased nouns; kuma adds a proposition. Consecutive actions can also appear without an overt conjunction, so English ‘and’ does not automatically require kuma.

Examples (3)

  1. Mun yi aiki, kuma mun huta.

    We worked, and we rested.

    Both clauses retain mun.

  2. Wannan jaka tana da kyau, kuma tana da ƙarfi.

    This bag is attractive and also strong.

    The second clause adds another property.

  3. Wannan ɗalibi mai wayo ne, mai ƙarfi kuma.

    This student is clever and strong too.

    Final kuma follows the added description.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

kumaLevel 2Adding Another Point

Learn This First

Recognize da-quality predicates, mai/masu noun descriptions and demonstrative identifying clauses before adding a second property or description with kuma.

Words in This Pattern

kuma