xa que logo / por conseguinte
Formal Consequence Connectors
Xa que logo and por conseguinte mean so, therefore: Non respondeu; xa que logo, non vén (he did not answer, so he is not coming). De aí que means which is why and takes the subjunctive.
How It Works
Three formal ways to draw a conclusion
- xa que logo: so, therefore. It often follows a semicolon.
- por conseguinte: consequently, as a result.
- de aí que: which is why, hence. It takes the present subjunctive.
In everyday speech, por iso, así que and polo tanto or simply logo do the same job.
Xa que logo is not xa que
This is the key trap. Xa que on its own means since and gives a cause. Xa que logo gives a consequence:
- Non vén, xa que non respondeu (he is not coming, since he did not answer).
- Non respondeu; xa que logo, non vén (he did not answer, so he is not coming).
De aí que + subjunctive
De aí que presents the result as something that follows from a known fact, and it takes the subjunctive: A miña nai é de Lugo, de aí que vaiamos alá cada verán (my mother is from Lugo, which is why we go there every summer).
Spelling
Write por conseguinte, not the Spanish por consiguiente.
Examples (5)
- Non respondeu; xa que logo, non vén.
He did not answer, so he is not coming.
- A estrada estaba cortada e, por conseguinte, chegamos tarde.
The road was closed and, as a result, we arrived late.
- Os prezos subiron; por conseguinte, vendemos menos.
Prices went up; consequently, we sold less.
- A miña nai é de Lugo, de aí que vaiamos alá cada verán.
My mother is from Lugo, which is why we go there every summer.
De aí que takes the subjunctive: vaiamos.
- Admitiu o erro; xa que logo, o asunto queda pechado.
He admitted the mistake; therefore, the matter is closed.
Common Mistakes
Using xa que when you mean so.
Non respondeu, xa que non vén.Non respondeu; xa que logo, non vén.Xa que means since and gives a cause, so the sentence would say he did not answer because he is not coming. Xa que logo gives the conclusion.
Using the indicative after de aí que.
A miña nai é de Lugo, de aí que imos alá cada verán.A miña nai é de Lugo, de aí que vaiamos alá cada verán.De aí que is followed by the subjunctive.
Using the Spanish spelling consiguiente.
Por consiguiente, vendemos menos.Por conseguinte, vendemos menos.The Galician form is por conseguinte.
How It Connects
Learn This First
Formal consequence connectors introduce conclusions, with de aí que selecting a subjunctive clause.
Related Patterns
- logoLogo Meaning So
Logo alone can also mean so or therefore.
Level 4 - porque / xa que / comoGiving Reasons
Xa que gives a cause, the opposite direction of xa que logo.
Level 3 - dado que / posto que / visto queFormal Causal Connectors
Formal connectors for the cause side of the same relationship.
Level 5 - Formal and Colloquial Register
Explains when formal connectors like xa que logo fit best.
Level 6
Words in This Pattern
Practice xa que logo / por conseguinte in Bubblegum
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