ـنده
Words for People Who Do Things
The plural of a ـنده word ends in ـندگان, because the silent ه turns into گ.
How It Works
Afghan news and books name jobs and roles with ـنده words. The ending sounds like -inda. The stem is the one you see after می: مینویسم gives نویس.
| Present stem | Doer | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| نویس | نویسنده | writer |
| خوان | خواننده | singer, reader |
| بین | بیننده | viewer |
| شنو | شنونده | listener |
| فروش | فروشنده | seller |
| گو | گوینده | speaker, announcer |
| مصرف + کن | مصرفکننده | consumer |
The silent ه at the end changes in two places. Before ezafe it takes the sign ـهٔ: نویسندهٔ کتاب (the writer of the book). Before the plural ending ـان it becomes گ: نویسندگان, خوانندگان, بینندگان.
Some words of this kind are adjectives, such as آینده (coming, the future). The ending never joins a past stem: نوشتنده is not a word.
Afghan media print these words in headlines and credits: نویسنده and گوینده name the people behind a book or a broadcast, and تولیدکننده names who makes a product. The same ending gives everyday words such as دونده (runner).
In casual talk you also hear the plural with ها: فروشندهها. Writing uses ـندگان.
Examples (5)
- نویسندهٔ این کتاب از هرات است.
The author of this book is from Herat.
نویسنده is the doer of نویس, and the ezafe after the silent ه is ـهٔ.
- خوانندهٔ جوان در محفل نوروز آهنگهای محلی خواند.
The young singer sang local songs at the Nowruz gathering.
خواننده is built on the stem خوان and names the person who sings.
- شنوندگان رادیو از گوینده خواستند که برنامهٔ موسیقی را دوباره پخش کند.
The radio listeners asked the announcer to broadcast the music program again.
شنونده becomes شنوندگان in the plural, and گوینده comes from the stem گو.
- فروشنده دو کیلو انگور و یک کیلو انار برایم وزن کرد.
The seller weighed two kilos of grapes and one kilo of pomegranates for me.
فروشنده is the person who does فروش.
- تولیدکنندگان انگور در ولایت پروان امسال حاصل خوبی دارند.
The grape growers in Parwan have a good harvest this year.
تولیدکننده is a noun plus کننده, and its plural ends in ـکنندگان.
Common Mistakes
Adding ـان to a ـنده word without changing the ه.
نویسندهان این کتابها در هرات کار میکنند.نویسندگان این کتابها در هرات کار میکنند.The silent ه turns into گ before the plural ending: نویسندگان.
Building the doer from the past stem.
نوشتنده این کتاب از هرات است.نویسندهٔ این کتاب از هرات است.ـنده joins the present stem نویس, the one that appears after می.
How It Connects
Learn This First
ـنده is added to a present stem, so the stem comes first.