hamda

And (Formal): Hamda

Level 4

A hamda B = A and B (formal): talabalar hamda oʻqituvchilar (students and teachers), oʻqib chiqing hamda imzolang (read it through and sign it).

How It Works

Hamda is a joining conjunction, like va. It links equal parts: two nouns, two verbs, or two short clauses.

1. In lists
In a list, commas separate the items and hamda comes before the last one:

  • Toshkent, Samarqand hamda Buxoroda (in Tashkent, Samarkand and Bukhara)

A shared ending may go only on the last item: ingliz hamda rus tillariga (into the English and Russian languages).

2. Joining actions
It can link two instructions or two actions: Hujjatni oʻqib chiqing hamda imzolang. Read the document through and sign it.

3. Where it fits
In everyday talk, people usually say va, or they join items with bilan or just a comma. Hamda belongs to formal texts. Writers also like it when a sentence already uses va, so that the two joins look different.

4. Hamda is not ham
Both words start with ham, but ham means also and follows the word it adds. Hamda stands between two items and joins them.

Examples (5)

  1. Talabalar hamda oʻqituvchilar majlisga taklif qilindi.

    Students and teachers were invited to the meeting.

    Word by Word: Students and teachers meeting-to invited were-made.

  2. Hujjatni oʻqib chiqing hamda imzolang.

    Read the document through and sign it.

    Word by Word: Document-(obj.) reading go-through and sign.

  3. Koʻrgazmalar Toshkent, Samarqand hamda Buxoroda oʻtkaziladi.

    The exhibitions will be held in Tashkent, Samarkand and Bukhara.

    Word by Word: Exhibitions Tashkent, Samarkand and Bukhara-in are-held.

    The place ending -da is attached only to the last item.

  4. Kitob ingliz hamda rus tillariga tarjima qilindi.

    The book was translated into English and Russian.

    Word by Word: Book English and Russian languages-to translation was-made.

  5. Muzeyda qadimiy qoʻlyozmalar hamda kitoblar saqlanadi.

    Ancient manuscripts and books are kept in the museum.

    Word by Word: Museum-in ancient manuscripts and books are-kept.

Common Mistakes

  • Using ham (also) where a joining and is needed.

    Talabalar ham oʻqituvchilar majlisga taklif qilindi.
    Talabalar hamda oʻqituvchilar majlisga taklif qilindi.

    Ham means also and does not join two items on its own. Use hamda or va, or ham ... ham for both ... and.

  • Writing hamda as two words.

    talabalar ham da oʻqituvchilar
    talabalar hamda oʻqituvchilar

    Hamda is a single word.

How It Connects

Tap a pattern to see what it builds on and what it leads to.

hamdaLevel 4And (Formal): Hamda

Learn This First

Builds on Both ... And.

Words in This Pattern

ham