każdy

Każdy Agreement

Level 2

Każdy means 'each' or 'every.' It treats members of a group as individuals and is strictly singular in Polish.

How It Works

1. Singular vs. Plural:
Usually, każdy is singular. However, with plural-only nouns (like drzwi - door, wakacje - vacation), you must use the plural form każde (e.g., każde drzwi).

2. Declension Pattern:
It follows the hard-stem adjective declension:

  • Masculine: każdy (Nom./Acc. inanimate), każdego (Gen./Acc. animate), każdemu (Dat.), każdym (Inst./Loc.)
  • Feminine: każda (Nom.), każdej (Gen./Dat./Loc.), każdą (Acc./Inst.)
  • Neuter: każde (Nom./Acc.), każdego (Gen.), każdemu (Dat.), każdym (Inst./Loc.)

3. 'Each of' Construction:
To say 'each of...', use każdy z followed by the genitive case in the plural (e.g., każdy z nas - each of us).

4. Frequency Alternatives:
While you can use każdy in genitive time expressions (każdego dnia), it is very common to use co + the accusative for frequency, such as co tydzień (every week) or co rano (every morning).

Examples (5)

  1. Każdy student musi mieć legitymację.

    Every student must have an ID card.

    Word by Word: Each student must to-have ID-card.

    Here, 'każdy' is in the nominative masculine singular to match 'student'.

  2. Piję kawę każdego ranka.

    I drink coffee every morning.

    Word by Word: I-drink coffee each morning.

    This uses the genitive case ('każdego ranka') to express a repeated time, a common Polish construction.

  3. Znam każdą kobietę w tym biurze.

    I know every woman in this office.

    Word by Word: I-know each woman in this office.

    Since 'woman' is the direct object, both 'każda' and 'kobieta' move to the accusative case ('każdą kobietę').

  4. Każde dziecko lubi zabawki.

    Every child likes toys.

    Word by Word: Each child likes toys.

    Shows the neuter singular agreement with 'dziecko'.

  5. Rozmawiam z każdym pracownikiem.

    I am talking with every employee.

    Word by Word: I-talk with each employee.

    The preposition 'z' requires the instrumental case, so 'każdy' becomes 'każdym'.

Common Mistakes

  • Using 'każdy' with standard plural nouns.

    Każde studenci są tutaj.
    Każdy student jest tutaj.

    In Polish, 'każdy' is normally singular for countable nouns. If you want to refer to a group, use 'wszyscy' (all). Plural forms appear with plural-only nouns like 'każde drzwi' (every door) and in phrases like 'każde dwa tygodnie'.

  • Failing to decline 'każdy' in the feminine accusative.

    Widzę każda dziewczynę.
    Widzę każdą dziewczynę.

    When 'każdy' modifies a feminine noun in the accusative case, it must take the '-ą' ending, just like a standard adjective.

  • Using the wrong case after 'każdy z...'.

    Każdy ze studenci.
    Każdy ze studentów.

    When using the construction 'each of...', you must use the genitive plural after the preposition 'ze' (the form of 'z' used before 'st').

How It Connects

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Learn Adjective Agreement before Każdy Agreement.

Words in This Pattern

każdy